Formation of multiple flocks in a simple nonlocal aggregation model
In this article the flock building of isotropic interaction kernels \(K: [0, \infty) \to \mathbb R\) over the set\N\[\N\mathcal{A}_m = \{ \rho \in L^1(\mathbb R^N) \mid 0 \leq \rho \leq 1, \lVert \,\rho \,\rVert_{L^1(\mathbb R^N)} \}\N\]\Nis examined for a fixed total mass \(m\), i.\,e. the total energy\N\[\N\mathcal{E}[\rho] = \int_{\mathbb R^N} \int_{\mathbb R^N} K(\vert x - y \vert) \rho(x) \rho(y) dx dy\N\]\Nmodeling the interaction energy is minimized over \(\rho \in \mathcal A_m\). To prevent an accumulation of the mass around a single point, the authors only consider kernels \(K\) of ``well-barrier shape, where the kernel is attractive at short distances and repulsive at medium distances, which decays to zero towards infinity. Additional restrictions on the barrier width and depth are assumed. Under these circumstances, the main result of the article is proved: The minimal energy \(E(m) = \inf_{\rho \in \mathcal{A}_m} \mathcal{E}[\rho]\) is given by the sum\N\[\NE(m) = \sum_{i=1}^k \mathcal E[{\1}_{B(0, r_i)}]\N\]\Nof sphere-shaped densities, which are infinitely far apart from each other. This result is shown by first restricting to compactly supported kernels, proving the existence of minimizers \(\rho \in \mathcal A_m\) in the restricted case and by using the concentration compactness principle of Lion to examine the limit of these minimizers. Up to sets of measure zero, they consist of sphere-shaped densities \({\1}_{B(0, r_i)}\), which are infinitely far apart. For kernels given by \(K(r) = r^p - d\) for small \(r\) (with fixed \(p\) and \(d\)) the authors even show that only two sphere sizes can exist with one size only appearing once. Furthermore, the minimal energy \(E(m)\) is identified to grow linearly in the total mass \(m\).
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