Gaussian binomial coefficients with negative arguments

DOI10.1007/S00026-019-00472-5MaRDI QIDQ2299144zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Sam Formichella, Armin Straub

Publication date 20 February 2020

Published in Annals of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02684

zbMATH Keywords

\(q\)-binomial theoremLucas congruences\(q\)-binomial coefficients

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions (05A10) (q)-calculus and related topics (05A30) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65)

Abstract: Loeb showed that a natural extension of the usual binomial coefficient to negative (integer) entries continues to satisfy many of the fundamental properties. In particular, he gave a uniform binomial theorem as well as a combinatorial interpretation in terms of choosing subsets of sets with a negative number of elements. We show that all of this can be extended to the case of Gaussian binomial coefficients. Moreover, we demonstrate that several of the well-known arithmetic properties of binomial coefficients also hold in the case of negative entries. In particular, we show that Lucas' Theorem on binomial coefficients modulo $p$ not only extends naturally to the case of negative entries, but even to the Gaussian case.

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Cited in

(4)

• Negation of binomial coefficients
• Bounded Dyck paths, bounded alternating sequences, orthogonal polynomials, and reciprocity
• Homotopy cardinality via extrapolation of Morava-Euler characteristics
• Supercongruences for polynomial analogs of the Apéry numbers

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