Generalised Jordan-von Neumann constants and uniform normal structure

Stemming from the characterization of an inner product space by the parallelogram law, the Jordan-von Neumann constant for a Banach space \(X\) is defined by \[ C_{NJ}(X):= \sup\left\{\frac{\| x+y\| ^2 +\| x-y\| ^2}{2(\| x\| ^2 + \| y\| ^2)} : x,y \text{ not both \(0\)}\right\}. \] The value of the supremum is not changed if one variable is restricted to the unit ball and the other to the unit sphere. It is known that \(1 \leq C_{NJ}(X) \leq 2\) with equality on the left if and only if \(X\) is a Hilbert space. The question arises whether, if \(C_{NJ}(X)\) is close to \(1\), the space \(X\) inherits some of the properties of a Hilbert space. An example is that if \(C_{NJ}(X) < 5/4\) then \(X\) has uniform normal structure. Likewise, \(C_{NJ}(X) <2\) if and only if the modulus of convexity for \(X\), \(\delta_X(\epsilon)\), is positive for some \(\epsilon \in (0,2)\). Here the authors introduce a parameter into the definition: \[ C_{NJ}(a,X):= \sup\left\{\frac{\| x+y\| ^2 +\| x-z\| ^2}{2\| x\| ^2 + \| y\| ^2 + \| z\| ^2)} : x,y,z \text{ not all \(0\) and } \| y-z\| \leq a\| x\| \right\}. \] Again, one can restrict two variables to the unit ball and the third to the unit sphere. It is shown that \(C_{NJ}(\cdot, X)\) is a continuous, non-decreasing function on \([0,\infty)\) and is not changed by the taking of ultrapowers of \(X\). The main theorem is that if \[ C_{NJ}(a,X) \leq \frac{(1+a)^2 + (3a-1)^2}{2(1+a^2)} \] for some \(a \in (1/2,1]\) then \(X\) has uniform normal structure. In addition, the earlier result is improved to give: if \(C_{NJ}(X) < (3+\sqrt{5})/4\) then \(X\) has uniform normal structure.

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