Generalized analytic automorphic forms in hypercomplex spaces

Publication date 7 March 2004

automorphic functions and forms Bergman kernel Clifford analysis Eisenstein series generalized trigonometric functions Mittag-Leffler series Szegö kernel

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Automorphic forms, one variable (11F12) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to functions of a complex variable (30-02) Functions of hypercomplex variables and generalized variables (30G35) Automorphic forms in several complex variables (32N10)

Review text

The book consists of Introduction, three Chapters and Bibliography. Introduction explains author's motivation for his interest in automorphic functions and automorphic forms of complex variable starting with two function series constructed by G. Eisenstein in a paper of 1847 which proved to be automorphic functions for a translation group generated by one or two generators. The history of the subject includes also numerous applications to number theory; the study of Bergman and Hardy spaces of polyhedron type domains in \(\mathbb C\); the representation of Riemann surfaces; problems from index theory and algebraic geometry, etc. This had lead to generalizations of classical automorphic forms within the framework of several complex variables theory and of hypercomplex analysis. The author overviews his work in the area and describes the composition of the book. Chapter 1, ``Function theory in hypercomplex spaces. Commonly, this term concerns the theory of null-solutions of a corresponding Cauchy-Riemann type (or Dirac) operator defined on functions ranged in some hypercomplex number system for which reason Section 1.1 describes those systems which will be used in the sequel; they are real and complex Clifford algebras and the Cayley numbers, or octonions. Section 1.2 recalls the necessary information about the interrelations between Möbius transformations in higher dimensions and the higher dimensional analogues of the classical groups \(GL(2,\mathbb C)\), \(GL(2,\mathbb R)\), \(SL (2,\mathbb R)\) which involve the so-called Vahlen's matrices and Vahlen's groups. Section 1.3 gives an analysis of the existing approaches to the definitions of ``differentiability and ``analyticity in the context of quaternionic and Clifford analysis leading to the crucial notion of monogenic (synonyms: hyperholomorphic, regular, hyperanalytic, etc.) functions as null-solutions of the Cauchy-Riemann (or the Dirac) operator. This is followed, in Section 1.4, by enlisting a series of the basic theorems: Cauchy's theorem and Cauchy's integral formula; Taylor and Laurent expansions, Mittag-Leffler theorem; after which there are introduced \(s\)-monogenic functions as null-solutions of the \(s\)-th iteration of the Dirac operator and for them, there are established some basic facts, in particular, how one can reconstruct locally an \(s\)-monogenic function from a finite number of monogenic functions, the Green-type formulas, and what is happening with those functions under a fractional-linear change of the variable. Section 1.5 analyzes different, although equivalent, approaches to the notion of the order of an isolated \(a\)-point in classical one-dimensional complex analysis. Of course, all this is being done having in mind a possible generalization onto the hypercomplex situations since, as the author observes, the ``development of generalizations in this sense is far from being a straightforward extension from two to higher dimensions. There is a number of difficulties here, among them: the fact that a monogenic function does not need to have only isolated \(a\)-points, it can possess a \(p\)-dimensional manifold of such points with \(0\leq p \leq k-1\), \(k\) being the dimension of the underlying space of Clifford algebra; the other one is that the multiplication of a polynomial by a monogenic function (and more generally, the point-wise product of two monogenic functions) does not give, in general, a monogenic function. Nevertheless, the reader can find here reasonable analogues (for a paravector-valued monogenic function!) of the formula for the order of an isolated \(a\)-point, of the argument principle and of Rouché's theorem. Section 1.6 has a more technical character and deals with the following problem. As is well known both the hypercomplex variable and its powers, positive and negative, are not monogenic. The so-called hypercomplex variables and their permutational products serve as the substitutes for the positive powers and there are good substitutes for the negative ones. For his goals, the author needs a description of the latter in terms of a finite explicit sum of explicitly determined functions, which is developed in the section both for monogenic and for \(s\)-monogenic cases. Chapter 2, ``Clifford-analytic Eisenstein series associated to translation groups. I have not found any explicit explanation of the term ``Clifford-analytic but I believe it is used just to indicate the relation of an object to Clifford analysis, i.e., as a synonym for monogenic or \(s\)-monogenic functions. The Chapter starts with multiperiodic Mittag-Leffler series (Section 2.1). Since the classical meromorphic Eisenstein series for translation groups in one-dimensional complex analysis are given as Mittag-Leffler series of certain negative power functions summed over one- or two-dimensional lattice, Clifford analysis adopts the idea considering the summations of the expressions \[ q^{(s)}_m(T<z>) \] over the corresponding translation group \(T\), with \(q^{(s)}_m\) being Clifford analysis analogues of the negative power functions. Definition 2.1 provides a precise information, and it involves the \(p\)-dimensional lattice \(\Omega_p=\mathbb Z w_1 + \cdots + \mathbb Z w_p\) with \(w_1, \dots, w_p\) being \(\mathbb R\)-linearly independent paravectors. Thus introduced, the \(s\)-monogenic Eisenstein series associated to translation groups have only point singularities, and it is proved that under the conditions for \(p\), \(s\), \(m\) stated in Definition 2.1, those Eisenstein series, \(\mathcal{E}^{(p)}_{m,s}(z,\Omega_p)\), converge normally in \(\mathcal{A}_{k+1}\setminus\Omega_p\). They lead to deep generalizations of a number of elementary trigonometric functions, namely, for \(p<k+1\) and \(\beta\), a multi-index with \(|\beta|= \max\{0; p-k-1+s\}\), the \(s\)-monogenic \(p\)-fold periodic generalizations of the cotangent, tangent, cosecant, and secant functions are introduced, for instance, \[ \cot_{p,s,\beta}(z):= \mathcal{E}^p_{\beta,s}(z). \] Section contains also a detailed discussion of the particular cases, such as \(s=1\), \(p=1\), \(|\beta|=0\); as well as of the related papers; and it finishes with a theorem pointing out the central role of Eisenstein series in the study of \(s\)-monogenic \(p\)-fold periodic functions with singularities in Clifford analysis setting. As usual, the question of the zeros of monogenic trigonometric functions is not an easy one, but in Section 2.2, the following is proved. \textbf{Proposition 2.6} {Let \(s<k+1\) be an odd integer. Further, let \(j=0, 1, \dots, k\) and let \(a \in \mathcal{A}_{k+1} \cup \{ \infty \}\). Then all \(a\)-points of \(\cot_{1,s,0}(z,2 \mathbb Z e_j)\) and \(\tan_{1,s,0}(z,2\mathbb Z_j)\) are isolated. } Section 2.3 gives the generalizations of the three Liouville theorems in the Clifford analysis context. In the classical complex case the Eisenstein function series of type (1) and type (2) are intimately related to the Riemann zeta function and to the Eisenstein series of type (3), which allows the author to introduce, in Section 2.4, the generalized Riemann zeta function and the generalized Eisenstein series of type (3) in Clifford analysis, and to establish some of their properties, in particular, to develop the Fourier expansion of the latter. A classical result from one complex variable theory states that the function \(\pi \cot(\pi z)\) is completely characterized by the properties: 1) it is an odd function; 2) it is meromorphic with principal parts \(\frac{1}{z-m}\) at each point \(m \in \mathbb Z\); 3) it satisfies the duplication formula: \[ 2 f(2z) = f(z) + f(z + \frac{1}{2}). \] The doubly periodic Weierstrass \(\wp\)-function has a very similar description. All this gave rise to numerous developments and extensions. How it should be put into the framework of hypercomplex analysis, the reader can find in Section 2.5 ``The integer multiplication of the Clifford-analytic Eisenstein series, Section 2.6 ``Characterization theorems and Section 2.7 ``Lattices with hypercomplex multiplication. Strong connections with several areas of mathematics are pointed out, especially with number theory. Having constructed the above hypercomplex ``trigonometric, and some other, functions, the author demonstrates immediately their applications in various directions. First of all, there is recalled that in classical complex analysis, holomorphic automorphic forms are intimately related to reproducing kernel functions from the classical Bergman and Hardy spaces associated to their fundamental domains. The delicate point here is that in contrast to the Cauchy kernel which does not depend on a domain, the Bergman and Szegö kernels do depend on the domains. Thus the explicit formulas for both kernels become a problem of special importance, and its solution is very difficult in general; it is known for certain domains only, and some of such solutions involve the Eisenstein series and trigonometric functions. Of course, the latter allows the author to obtain the explicit formulas for the hypercomplex Bergman and Szegö kernels; in Section 2.8 the reader finds the Bergman kernels for rectangular domains and in Section 2.9, the Szegö kernels for strip domains. Another lines of applications are presented in Section 2.10 ``Boundary value problems on conformally flat cylinders and tori and in Section 2.11 ``Order theory and argument principles on cylinders and tori. Chapter 3, ``Clifford-analytic modular forms. The \(s\)-monogenic Eisenstein series constructed in the previous chapter are related to the translation groups \(\mathcal{T}(\Omega_p)\). Now the aim is to realize similar constructions for some other groups, in particular, for larger arithmetic subgroups of the Vahlen group. The situation here is much more delicate since significant restrictions on the choice of the admissible groups should be imposed which is nicely explained at the beginning of the chapter. Section 3.1 ``Rotation and translation invariant Eisenstein series gives some examples of Clifford algebra-valued monogenic and \(s\)-monogenic functions that are invariant under a translation group and additionally under a finite rotation group, but it is necessary to put restrictions on the period lattice of the Eisenstein series as well as on the generators of the rotation group. In particular, this allowed the author to construct the monogenic Bergman reproducing kernel for certain wedge-shaped domains. Section 3.2, ``Clifford-analytic modular forms in one hypercomplex variable contains a construction of \(s\)-monogenic modular forms on the upper half-space that are quasi-invariant under the group action of the special hypercomplex modular groups or their associated principal congruence groups. Similarly, in Section 3.3, ``Clifford-analytic modular forms in two and several hypercomplex variables there are considered Clifford-analytic generalizations of Hilbert modular forms which are defined on Cartesian products of upper half-spaces in \(\mathbb R^k\) and which are invariant under direct products of a discrete group of Vahlen's group that acts discontinuously on the respective half-space. The last two sections are rather brief. Section 3.4, ``Some remarks on Clifford-analytic modular forms in real and complex Minkowski spaces outlines how the theory of \(s\)-monogenic modular forms for \(\Gamma_p[n]\), principal congruence subgroups of the special hypercomplex modular group \(\Gamma_p\), extends to the more general context of arbitrary real or complex quadratic spaces with a non-degenerate bilinear form of signature \((p,q)\). The substance of Section 3.5, ``Some perspectives is seen from its title. Bibliography numbers 165 references and is quite complete. In my opinion, this is an outstanding work which demonstrates in a striking and convincing manner what one can obtain using Clifford analysis and its methods. Although this is well known already for harmonic analysis, several complex variables, operator theory, etc., but one sees it now in an area where, as to my knowledge, there have been neither interesting results nor even promising attempts. Its remarkable feature is a masterful combination of deep and sophisticated results with very accessible form of presentation. A certain additional editing of the text would be helpful but some annoying deficiencies cannot change a general, very positive impression of reading it. I am sure the book will have numerous and far-reaching consequences and repercussions.

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