Graded triangular bases

Representations of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, algebraic theory (weights) (17B10) Simple, semisimple, reductive (super)algebras (17B20) Graded Lie (super)algebras (17B70)

Review text

The article under review develops a very general formalism of standard and costandard modules -- structures which prominently feature in many representation-theoretic settings, e.g. in the study of category \(\mathcal{O}\) for a complex semisimple Lie algebra, of rational representations for reductive algebraic groups, and of various diagrammatic categories. The theory developed goes far beyond the scope of the classical notions of highest weight categories or cellular and quasi-hereditary algebras, but also removes some finiteness assumptions present in similar approaches, e.g. object-adapted cellular bases. An important ingredient in accomplishing this is carefully working with graded structures throughout the formalism, which makes it suitable for its applications to the representation theory of the Nil-Brauer category, see [\textit{J. Brundan} et al., Ann. Represent. Theory 1, No. 1, 21--58 (2024; Zbl 1547.17014)]. The article under review does not present this example or other examples, referring to the Nil-Brauer case as illustrative. We remark that the (ungraded) theory also applies to the examples in [\textit{J. Brundan} and \textit{C. Stroppel}, Semi-infinite highest weight categories. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2024; Zbl 1544.16001)]. A graded triangular basis is a graded extension of the notion of a triangular basis introduced in [\textit{J. Brundan} and \textit{C. Stroppel}, Semi-infinite highest weight categories. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2024; Zbl 1544.16001)], and as such it is a structure on a small graded \(\Bbbk\)-linear (for an algebraically closed field \(\Bbbk\)) category, equivalently on a locally unital graded associative algebra \(A\). Roughly speaking, it consists of a set \(\mathbf{S}\) of idempotents for \(A\), a poset \(\Lambda\) with a map \(\delta: \mathbf{S} \rightarrow \Lambda\) and homogeneous sets of morphisms \(\mathbf{X}, \mathbf{H},\mathbf{Y}\), indexed over the idempotents for \(A\), such that products in \(\mathbf{XHY}\) give a basis for \(A\), and satisfying directedness conditions with respect to \(\Lambda\), e.g. \(e \leq f\) implies \(\mathbf{X}(e,f) = \varnothing\). From this definition, the theory of (co)standard modules for an algebra with a graded triangular basis is developed. Standard and costandard modules, together with proper and pure variants, are defined, and so are standardization and costandardization functors and categories of graded A-modules with (proper co)standard flags. It is shown that, up to degree shift, every irreducible graded \(A\)-module is the top of a standard module. Existence of good filtrations is established -- for every standard module, there is a projective module surjecting onto it which is standardly stratified. A very interesting aspect of this result is that while the top of this projective is finitely generated, some of the sections of the standard flag can be infinite direct sums of standard modules -- the corresponding Loewy diagram of \(\Delta\)'s, while it is of finite height, can be of infinite width. In particular, finitely generated projective modules with infinitely generated submodules are considered, which is a strong generalization compared to the Noetherianity assumption in (many generalizations of) highest weight categories. Dual statements for both results above, involving injective objects, are also shown. \(\operatorname{Ext}\)-orthogonality of standardly stratified and properly costandardly stratified modules is established. Using it, equivalence between a module admitting a standard flag and vanishing criteria for \(\operatorname{Hom}\) and \(\operatorname{Ext}\) to costandard modules is shown. This in turn leads to BGG reciprocity for projective and standard modules. Dual statements for these claims, switching standard and costandard modules, are also shown. More technical homological criteria are found for a module to admit a \textit{semi-infinite} standard or costandard filtration, and additional, stronger results are shown in case when the unital algebras associated to a weight \(\lambda \in \Lambda\) themselves are quasi-hereditary.

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Nil-Brauer categorifies the split iquantum group of rank one

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