Holomorphic differentials of Klein four covers

Curves over finite and local fields (11G20) Positive characteristic ground fields in algebraic geometry (14G17) Algebraic functions and function fields in algebraic geometry (14H05) Modular representations and characters (20C20)

Abstract: Let

k

be an algebraically closed field of characteristic two, and let

G

be isomorphic to

m a t h b b Z / 2 i m e s m a t h b b Z / 2

. Suppose

X

is a smooth projective irreducible curve over

k

with a faithful

G

-action, and assume that the cover

X o X / G

is totally ramified, in the sense that it is ramified and every branch point is totally ramified. We study to what extent the lower ramification groups of the closed points of

X

determine the isomorphism types of the indecomposable

k G

-modules and the multiplicities with which they occur as direct summands of the space

m a t h r m H^{0} (X, O m e g a_{X / k})

of holomorphic differentials of

X

over

k

. In the case when

X / G = m a t h b b P_{k}^{1}

, we completely determine the decomposition of

m a t h r m H^{0} (X, O m e g a_{X / k})

into a direct sum of indecomposable

k G

-modules. Moreover, we show that the isomorphism classes of indecomposable

k G

-modules that actually occur as direct summands belong to an infinite list of non-isomorphic indecomposable

k G

-modules that contain modules of arbitrarily large

k

-dimension. In particular, our results show that [14, Theorem 6.4] is incorrect.

Review text

Suppose \(k\) is an algebraically closed field, and \(X\) is a smooth projective irreducible curve over \(k\) on which a finite group \(G\) acts faithfully on the right. Let \(\Omega_{X/k}\) be the sheaf of relative differentials of \(X\) over \(k\), and let \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\) be the space of holomorphic differentials of \(X\) over \(k\). It is a classical problem, posed by \textit{E. Hecke} in [Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hamb. 6, 235--257 (1928; JFM 54.0405.02)], to determine the indecomposable \(kG\)-modules that occur as direct summands of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\) together with their multiplicities. If the characteristic of \(k\) does not divide the order of \(G\), this was solved by \textit{C. Chevalley} and \textit{A. Weil} in [Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hamb. 10, 358--361 (1934; Zbl 0009.16001; JFM 60.0098.01)]. In the paper under review, the authors study the smallest case when the set of isomorphism classes of finitely generated indecomposable \(kG\)-modules is infinite, which occurs when the characteristic of \(k\) is two and \(G\) is a Klein four group, i.e., \(G\) is isomorphic to \(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\). Moreover, they assume that the Klein four cover \(\pi:X \rightarrow X/G\) is totally ramified, in the sense that it is ramified and every ramification point in \(X\) has \(G\) as its inertia group. Then they study the following two questions: \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] To what extent do the lower ramification group of the closed points of \(X\) determine the precise \(kG\)-module structure of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\), in the sense that they give the precise decomposition of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\) into a direct sum of indecomposable \(kG\)-modules? \item[(2)] What can we say about the list of isomorphism classes of indecomposable \(kG\)-modules that actually occur as direct summands of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\)? \end{itemize} The authors give sufficient conditions that lead to the following complete answers to Question \((1)\) and \((2)\) above: Theorem 1.1. Suppose \(\pi:X \rightarrow Y:=X/G\) is a totally ramified Klein four cover. Moreover, assume that for each branch point \(y \in Y\) of \(\pi\), there exists a tower of function fields \(k(Y) \subset k(Z_y) \subset k(X)\) such that \(k(Z_y)=k(Y)(u_y)\) and \(k(X)=k(Z_y)(w_y)\) are degree two Artin-Schreier extensions of \(k(Y)\) and \(k(Z_y)\), respectively, satisfying the following two conditions: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] If \(z_y \in Z_y\) lies above \(y\) and \(x_y \in X\) lies above \(z_y\), then \(j_y:=-\mathrm{ord}_{z_y}(u_y)\) and \(J_y:=-\mathrm{ord}_{x_y}(w_y)\) are positive odd integers such that \(j_y \leq J_y\) and the lower ramification groups at \(x_y\) inside \(G\) have jumps at \(j_y\) and \(J_y\), and \item[(ii)] either \(j_y=J_y\) and \((g-1)(w_y)\in k^\times\) for all non-identity elements \(g\in G\), or \(j_y< J_y\) and \(j_y=1\). \end{itemize} Then the lower ramification groups of the closed points of \(X\) that ramify in the cover \(\pi\) fully determine the \(kG\)-module structure of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\). Moreover, the list of isomorphism classes of indecomposable \(kG\)-modules that actually occur as direct summands of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\) for such \(X\) is infinite. Furthermore, in the case when \(X/G=\mathbb{P}_k^1\), the authors give the following complete answers to Questions \((1)\) and \((2)\) above, without any additional assumptions on the ramification behavior: Theorem 1.2. Suppose \(\pi:X\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_k^1=X/G\) is a totally ramified Klein four \(G\)-cover. Then the lower ramification groups of the closed points of \(X\) that ramify in the cover \(\pi\) fully determine the \(kG\)-module structure of \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\). More precisely, the isomorphism classes of the indecomposable \(kG\)-modules that actually occur as direct summands and their multiplicities in \(H^0(X, \Omega_{X/k})\) can be described explicitly. Furthermore, the list of these isomorphism classes is infinite and contains indecomposable \(kG\)-modules of arbitrarily large finite \(k\)-dimension.

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