Homoclinic solutions in periodic partial difference equations
In this paper, the authors investigate the existence of nontrivial homoclinic solutions of the periodic partial difference equation of the form\N\[\N-\Delta_{1}^{2}u(m-1,n)-\Delta_{2}^{2}u(m,n-1) +\omega(m,n) u(m,n)=f(m,n,u(m,n)),\tag{\(*\)}\N\]\Nwhere \(\Delta_{1}u(m,n)=u(m+1,n)-u(m,n), \Delta_{2}u(m,n)=u(m,n+1)-u(m,n)\), \(\Delta_{1}^{2}u(m,n)=\Delta_{1}(\Delta_{1}u(m,n))\) and \(\omega(m+T_{1},n)=\omega(m,n)=\omega(m,n+T_{2})> 0\) for given positive integers \(T_{1},T_{2}\), \(f(m,n,u)\) is continuous in \(u\in \mathbb R\) and \(f(m+T_{1},n,u)=f(m,n,u)=f(m,n+T_{2},u)\) for each \((m,n )\in \mathbb Z^{2}\), using the critical point theory. According to the authors, such conditions are introduced here for the first time in the context of partial difference equations. These conditions allow the limit of \( f(m,n,u)/u \), for each \((m,n) \in \mathbb{Z}^{2}\), to fail to exist both at the origin and at infinity. Notably, when the limits do exist, the framework encompasses superlinear, asymptotically linear, and mixed-type nonlinearities. The nonlinear term can change sign, and no monotonicity assumption is imposed on \( f(m,n,u)/u \) for \((m,n) \in \mathbb{Z}^{2} \). An example is provided to illustrate the strength of the obtained results. Furthermore, a corollary is established under monotonicity assumptions, yielding a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nontrivial homoclinic solutions to equation \((*)\).
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