Homogeneous and nonlinear generalized master equations retaining initial correlations
From the author's abstract: Deriving the kinetic (irreversible) equations from the reversible microscopic dynamics of the many-body systems remains one of the principal tasks of statistical physics. One of the key assumptions used in deriving the Boltzmann equation is the Bogoliubov principle of weakening of initial correlations, which implies that on a sufficiently large time scale all initial correlations (existing at the initial instant) are damped. This approach leads to the evolution equations that are not valid on all time scales and do not allow considering all the stages of the system evolution, in particular, the short-term and transient regimes, which are of scientific and practical interest for considering the ultrafast relaxation and non-Markovian processes, decoherence phenomena and onset of irreversibility. To take initial correlations into account, a method, based on the conventional time-independent projection operator technique, that allows converting the conventional linear inhomogeneous (containing a source caused by initial correlations) time-convolution generalized master equation (TC-GME) and time-convolutionless GME (TCL-GME) into the homogeneous form exactly, is proposed. This approach results in the exact linear time-convolution and time-convolutionless homogeneous generalized master equations (TC-HGME and TCL-HGME), which take the dynamics of initial correlations into account via modified memory kernels governing the evolution of the relevant part of a distribution function of a many-particle system. These equations describe the evolution of the relevant part of a distribution function on all time scales, including the initial stage when the initial correlations matter. The obtained TC-HGME is applied to the spatially homogeneous dilute gas of classical and quantum particles. However, to derive the desired nonlinear equations (the Boltzmann equation in particular) from this actually linear equation, we should make an additional approximation neglecting the time-retardation of a one-particle distribution function, which restricts the time scale by times much smaller than the relaxation time for a one-particle distribution function. To obtain the actually nonlinear evolution equations and avoid any restrictions on the time scales, we develop a new method, based on using a time-dependent operator (generally not a projection operator), converting a distribution function of a total system into the relevant form, that allows to derive the new exact nonlinear generalized master equations. The derived inhomogeneous nonlinear GME is a generalization of the linear Nakajima-Zwanzig TC-GME and can be viewed as an alternative to the BBGKY chain. To include the initial correlations into consideration, we convert the obtained inhomogeneous nonlinear GME into the homogeneous form by the method which we used for conventional linear GMEs. The obtained exact homogeneous nonlinear GME describes all evolution stages of the system of interest and treats initial correlations on an equal footing with collisions by means of the modified memory kernel. As an application, we obtain a new homogeneous nonlinear equation retaining initial correlations for a one-particle distribution function of the spatially inhomogeneous nonideal gas of classical particles. We show that on the kinetic time scale, the time-reversible terms, resulting from initial correlations, vanish (if the particle dynamics have the ergodic mixing property), and this equation can be converted into the Vlasov-Landau and Boltzmann equations without any additional commonly used approximations.
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