Homomorphisms of extensions of a semigroup within a variety

Embedding theorems, universal categories (18B15) Varieties and pseudovarieties of semigroups (20M07) Connections of semigroups with homological algebra and category theory (20M50)

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Given a semigroup variety \(\mathcal V\) and a semigroup \(S\in {\mathcal V}\), denote by \({_ S{\mathcal V}}\) the full subcategory of \(\mathcal V\) formed by all extensions of the semigroup \(S\) within the variety \(\mathcal V\). The universality of varieties of the form \({_ S{\mathcal V}}\) is studied. (A category \(\mathcal K\) is universal if the category of all connected directed graphs without loops can be fully embedded into \(\mathcal K\).) If \(S\) contains an idempotent then \({_ S{\mathcal V}}\) is not universal. Let \(\mathcal V\) be a universal semigroup variety (i.e. \(\mathcal V\) contains all commutative semigroups and \((xy)^ n = x^ ny^ n\) holds for no \(n > 1\)), and \(S\in {\mathcal V}\). If the reflection of \(S\) in \(\mathcal V\) is idempotent free then \({_ S{\mathcal V}}\) is universal. It is still an open question whether for any universal semigroup variety \(\mathcal V\), \({_ S{\mathcal V}}\) is universal if and only if \(S\) is idempotent free.

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