How to Solve a Quadratic Equation In Rationals
For a positive integer \(n\) let \(P=P(X_1,\dots, X_n)\) be a quadratic polynomial in \(\mathbb{Z}[X_1,\dots, X_n]\) which is furthermore ``classically integral in the sense that the coefficients of \(X_i X_j\) \((1\leq i<j\leq n)\) and \(X_k\) \((1\leq k\leq n)\) are even. It is proved that if \(P\) has a rational zero in \(\mathbb{Q}^n\), then it has one of the shape \((x_1/x_0,\dots, x_n/x_0)\) with \(x_0\neq 0\), \(x_1,\dots,\dots, x_n\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) satisfying \[ \max\{| x_0|,| x_1|,\dots,| x_n|\}\leq (3L)^{(n+1)/2}. \tag{\(*\)} \] Here \(L\) is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients of \(P\). It is also shown that the exponent \((n+1)/2\) cannot be lowered. The proof uses Cassels' well-known estimate for zeros of quadratic forms; this delivers at once a non-trivial integral zero \((x_0,x_1,\dots, x_n)\) of the homogenized polynomial satisfying \((*)\) but with smaller exponent \(n/2\). The larger exponent is caused by the constraint \(x_0\neq 0\) for a particular coordinate.
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