Hyperbolic groups with logarithmic separation profile
A vertex set \(C \subset V(\Gamma)\) is called a separating set of a finite graph \(\Gamma\) if every connected component of the subgraph induced by \(V(\Gamma) \setminus C\) contains at most \(\frac{1}{2}|V(\Gamma)|\) vertices. Let \(\operatorname{cut}(\Gamma)\) denote the minimal size of such a set.\N\NLet \( G \) be an infinite graph of bounded degree (i.e., every vertex has degree at most some constant \(\Delta\)). Its separation profile is the function \N\[\N\operatorname{sep}_G(n) = \max\left\{ \operatorname{cut}(\Gamma) \mid \Gamma\subset G,\ |V(\Gamma)| \leq n \right\}, \ n\in\mathbb{N}.\N\]\N\NThe notion was introduced and formalised by \textit{I. Benjamini} et al. [Groups Geom. Dyn. 6, No. 4, 639--658 (2012; Zbl 1255.05074)], who were interested in determining which separation functions are possible for transitive graphs or Cayley graphs, computing the separation function of a given Cayley graph and identifying it for groups of intermediate growth.\N\NSeparation profiles are considered up to the equivalence \(\simeq\) defined by \(f\simeq g\) if \(f \preceq g\) and \(g\preceq f\), where \(f\preceq g\) means that there exists a constant \(C>0\) such that \(f(n)\leq Cg(Cn + C) + C\) for all \(n\geq C\).\N\NIt is known that \(\operatorname{sep}_{\mathbb{Z}^d}(n) \simeq n^{(d-1)/d}\), that cocompact Fuchsian groups satisfy \(\operatorname{sep}(n) \simeq \log n\) and that (virtually) free groups have bounded separation. There also exist hyperbolic groups with \(\operatorname{sep}(n) \simeq n^\alpha\) for a dense set of \(\alpha \in (0,1)\).\N\N\textit{D. Hume} and \textit{J. M. Mackay} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 148, No. 11, 4653--4664 (2020; Zbl 1530.20134)] proved that a finitely generated group \(G\) has bounded separation if and only if \(G\) is virtually free. If \(G\) is finitely presented, then either \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n)\simeq 1\) and \(G\) is virtually free, or \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n)\gtrsim \log n\) and \(G\) is not virtually free.\N\N\NThe authors investigate the smallest possible non-virtually free case, namely \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n)\preceq\log n\).\N\NTheorem A. Let \(G\) be a hyperbolic group with \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n)\preceq\log n\). Then \(G\) is Fuchsian or it splits over finite or virtually cyclic subgroups.\N\NThe authors provide a brief overview of the proof strategy for Theorem A in the introduction. First, they show that the spheres in \(G\) admit separating sets of bounded size. This is done by projecting the separating set of a suitable annulus, then they prove that these sets converge in the boundary \(\partial G\), which implies the existence of local cut points. The conclusion then follows from a theorem by \textit{B. H. Bowditch} [Acta Math. 180, No. 2, 145--186 (1998; Zbl 0911.57001)].\N\NThey derive several corollaries from this theorem. For example, if \(G\) is a hyperbolic group without \(2\)-torsion and \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n)\preceq\log n\), then \(G\) can be constructed inductively from Fuchsian groups and free groups via amalgamations and \(HNN\)-extensions over finite or virtually cyclic groups.\N\NThe paper demonstrates that the converse of Theorem A does not hold, as illustrated by the following result:\N\NTheorem B. If \(S\) is a surface obtained by gluing two closed orientable hyperbolic surfaces along closed filling curves and \(G = \pi_1(S)\), then \(\operatorname{sep}_G(n) \succ \log n\).
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