Hypercomplex factorization of the Helmholtz equation

Theoretical approximation in context of PDEs (35A35) General topics in partial differential equations (35A99) Laplace operator, Helmholtz equation (reduced wave equation), Poisson equation (35J05) Factorization theory (including Wiener-Hopf and spectral factorizations) of linear operators (47A68)

Review text

Let \(e_ i\), \(i=1,...,4\), denote the basis elements of quaternionic algebra. The eigenvalue problem \((\Delta +\lambda^ 2)I\cdot f\), where f is a quaternionic function permits a formal factorization \((\Delta +\lambda^ 2)I=D_{\lambda}(\nabla)D^*_{\lambda}(\nabla)\) with \(D_{\lambda}(\nabla)=\lambda e_ 1+\sum^{4}_{i=2}e_ i\partial /\partial x_ i.\) The author derives the fundamental solution \[ F_{\lambda}(x)=(\lambda \cos \lambda | x| /| x|)e_ 1+(D(x)/| x|^ 2)\lambda \sin \lambda /x| +(D(x)/| x|^ 3)\cos \lambda | x|. \] \[ Then\quad D_{\lambda}(\nabla_ x)F_{\lambda}(x- y)=F_{\lambda}(x-y)D^*_{\lambda}(\nabla_ x)_ r=-4\pi \delta (x- \quad y). \] He also defines the following operators \[ (T_{\lambda}f)(x)=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{G}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ f(y)dG_ y,\quad x\in {\mathbb{R}}^ 3, \] \[ (\overset\circ S_{\lambda}f)(x)=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\Gamma}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ D(n)_ y\circ f(y)\quad d\Gamma_ y,\quad x\not\in \Gamma, \] \[ (S_{\lambda}f)(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\Gamma}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ D(n)_ y\circ f(y)d\Gamma \quad_ y,\quad x\in \Gamma, \] where \(\Gamma\) is the Lyapunov boundary of a bounded domain \(G\subset {\mathbb{R}}^ 3.\) The integral operators \(T_{\lambda}\), \(\overset\circ S_{\lambda}\), and \(S_{\lambda}\) are defined in analogy to the complex T-operator, the Cauchy integral operator and singular Cauchy integral operator, where the integral \(S_{\lambda}f\) is to be understood in the Cauchy principal value sense. The author also proves that the Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation permits a global factorization into two boundary value problems of the first order.

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