Images of polynomial maps with constants
The paper investigates the surjectivity and image structure of polynomial maps on matrix algebras of the form \(\tilde{\omega}(x,y)=Ax^{k_{1}}+By^{k_{2}}\) or \(Axy-Byx\), with fixed coefficients \(A,B\in\mathrm{M}(2,K)\).\N\NLet \(K\) be an algebraically closed field and \(\mathcal{A}=\mathrm{M}(2,K)\) the algebra of \(2\times2\) matrices over \(K\). The paper investigates polynomial maps with fixed matrix coefficients, of the form \(\tilde{\omega}:\mathcal{A}^{2}\to\mathcal{A}\), given by either \(\tilde{\omega}(x,y)=Ax^{k_{1}}+By^{k_{2}}\) or \(\tilde{\omega}(x,y)=Axy-Byx\), where \(A,B\in\mathcal{A}\setminus\{0\}\) and \(k_{1}\geq2\), \(k_{2}\geq2\). It is shown that the images of such maps are vector subspaces of \(\mathcal{A}\). For the case \(\tilde{\omega}(x,y)=Ax^{k_{1}}+By^{k_{2}}\), the image is explicitly computed under simultaneous conjugation of \(A\) and \(B\). The map is surjective if and only if \(A\) and \(B\) can be simultaneously conjugated to matrices that do not share any zero rows.\N\NFor \(A,B\in\mathrm{M}(n,K)\) with \(n\geq2\), a complete characterization of surjectivity for maps of the form \(Ax^{k_{1}}+By^{k_{2}}\) remains open. The authors suggest that a necessary and sufficient condition may be the existence of representatives \(A',B'\) in the simultaneous conjugacy class such that \(A'\) and \(B'\) have disjoint zero rows.
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