Inequalities in triangle geometry: from spherical to hyperbolic
This paper investigates the transfer of geometric inequalities across the three classical geometries: spherical, Euclidean, and hyperbolic. Specifically, it examines ten well-known inequalities for spherical triangles and develops their hyperbolic analogs. For comparison, the corresponding Euclidean forms are also presented. The work builds upon earlier research showing that polynomial relations involving side lengths, diagonal lengths, and the circumradius of cyclic polygons remain valid in all three geometries. Unlike previous studies, which focused primarily on equalities, this paper shifts attention to inequalities, thereby extending the scope of geometric unification. To establish the new hyperbolic analogs, the authors employ a unified framework that incorporates curvature through a generalized parameter adaptable to spherical, Euclidean, and hyperbolic settings. The proofs rely chiefly on Jensen's inequality and on the logarithmic concavity of certain hyperbolic functions to derive the required bounds. In addition, geometric constraints are analyzed using classical results to determine precise conditions under which a hyperbolic triangle admits a circumcircle. The arguments conclude with algebraic substitutions and transformations of hyperbolic trigonometric identities, including relations involving the angular excess of a triangle. Overall, the paper contributes to research aimed at transferring and unifying classical geometric results across spaces of constant curvature.
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