Intermediate algebras of semialgebraic functions
The paper under review falls into the field of semialgebraic geometry. A subset of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) is basic semialgebraic if there exist polynomials \(f, g_1, \dots, g_{\ell}\) such that the subset consists of the points \(x\) satisfying \(f(x) = 0\), \(g_1(x) > 0, \dots, g_{\ell}(x) > 0\). The semialgebraic sets are the finite unions of basic semialgebraic sets. Let \(X\) be a semialgebraic set. A continuous function \(f : X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is semialgebraic if its graph is a semialgebraic subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\). Calling \(\mathcal{S}(X)\) the set of semialgebraic functions on \(X\), the sum and product of functions provide \(\mathcal{S}(X)\) with a structure of \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra, where the real number \(r\) is identified with the constant function of value \(r\). The bounded semialgebraic functions on \(X\) constitute also an \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra, called \(\mathcal{S}^*(X)\).\N\NFor a given semialgebraic set \(X\), the authors study here intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras, contained in \(\mathcal{S}(X)\) and containing \(\mathcal{S}^*(X)\). Let \(A\) be such an intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra. Then, the main results on \(A\) are obtained in Section 3 of the paper. In this way, by using a bijection between the family of intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras and that of saturated multiplicatively closed subsets \(D \subset \mathcal{S}^*(X)\) such that \(\mathcal{Z}_X(f) = \varnothing\) for every \(f \in D\) (Theorem 3.2), Corollary 3.3 shows that if \(\mathfrak{p}\) is a prime ideal of \(A\), the transcendence degree of the field of fractions of \(A/\mathfrak{p}\) over \(\mathbb{R}\) is finite and upperly bounded by \(\dim(X)\). Also using Theorem 3.2, the Krull dimension \(\dim(A)\) is proved in Theorem 3.4 to equal \(\dim(X)\).\N\NSubsection 3.2 is devoted to the prime ideals of \(A\). In Corollary 3.5 the authors prove, among other things, that given a prime ideal \(\mathfrak{p}\) of \(A\), the set of prime ideals of \(A\) containing \(\mathfrak{p}\) is a set totally ordered by inclusion, and thus \(A\) is a Gelfand ring. Then, the subspace \(\mathrm{Max}(A)\) consisting of the maximal ideals of \(A\), with the Zariski topology, is compact and Hausdorff, and, Theorem 3.6, is a model of the Stone-Čech compactification of \(X\).\N\NIn Subsection 3.3 the authors study fixed and free ideals. They characterize in Theorem 3.10 the fixed maximal ideals. Then, two main results are obtained: Proposition 3.13, which gives a Łojasiewicz' inequality for some intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras, and Corollary 3.16 providing a Nullstellensatz for the intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras whose maximal ideals are the so-called (in this paper) archimedean ideals.\N\NFinally, Section 4 deals with the intermediate \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras generated by proper ideals, and the main result is Theorem 4.11, which gives an extension result for functions defined on those \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras. A very useful final contribution is the set of Examples 4.14, which enlighten the framework of the results of the paper.
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