Invariance principles for logarithmic averages
Let \(X_ i\) be independent and identically distributed mean 0 random variables of variance 1. Let \(S_ n=X_ 1+X_ 2+\cdots+X_ n\) and define \(I_ k(x)=I[S_ k<xk^{1/2}]\). The classical theorems for \(S_ n\) are well-known, but in recent years there have been several papers looking at pointwise analogues to these classical results. In particular \textit{Fisher} [A pathwise central limit theorem for random walks (to appear in Ann. Probab.)]and \textit{M. T. Lacey} and \textit{W. Philipp}, Stat. Probab. Lett. 9, No. 3, 201-205 (1990; Zbl 0691.60016)]proved the so- called almost sure central limit theorem, e.g. \[ \lim_{N\to\infty}{1\over N}\sum_{k\leq N}I_ k(x)/k=\Phi(x)\text{ a.s.}, \] where \(\Phi\) is the standard normal distribution function. Although stated as a strong limit theorem this result is in fact weaker than the usual central limit theorem for \(S_ n\). This paper investigates the limiting behaviour as \(n\to\infty\) of the two-parameter process, \[ A_ n(x,t)={1\over(\log n)^{1/2}}\sum_{1\leq k\leq nt}(I_ k(x)-\Phi(x)), \] and obtains weak and strong approximations of \(A_ n(x,t)\) by a two-parameter Gaussian process. This result yields precise rates of convergence (in both the distributional and almost sure senses) and functional limit theorems related to the almost sure central limit theorem. The proofs are based on strong approximations of normalized partial sums by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. An additional related paper is that of \textit{Berkes} and \textit{Dehling} [Some limit theorems in log density, (to appear in Ann. Probab.).
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