Invariant measures for frequently hypercyclic operators

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2014.08.002MaRDI QIDQ406305zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Sophie Grivaux, Étienne Matheron

Publication date 8 September 2014

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4555

chaotic operators frequently hypercyclic operators invariant and ergodic measures linear dynamical systems

Dynamical aspects of measure-preserving transformations (37A05) Cyclic vectors, hypercyclic and chaotic operators (47A16) Ergodic theory of linear operators (47A35)

Abstract: We investigate frequently hypercyclic and chaotic linear operators from a measure-theoretic point of view. Among other things, we show that any frequently hypercyclic operator T acting on a reflexive Banach space admits an invariant probability measure with full support, which may be required to vanish on the set of all periodic vectors for T; that there exist frequently hypercyclic operators on the sequence space c_0 admitting no ergodic measure with full support; and that if an operator admits an ergodic measure with full support, then it has a comeager set of distributionally irregular vectors. We also give some necessary and sufficient conditions (which are are satisfied by all the known chaotic operators) for an operator T to admit an invariant measure supported on the set of its hypercyclic vectors and belonging to the closed convex hull of its periodic measures. Finally, we give a Baire category proof of the fact that any operator with a perfectly spanning set of unimodular eigenvectors admits an ergodic measure with full support.

Review text

This interesting, well-written, deep article in a way presents the culmination point of the investigations on frequently hypercyclic and chaotic linear operators on a complex infinite dimensional separable Banach space from a measure theoretic point of view. The study of ergodic properties of linear dynamical systems was started by \textit{E. Flytzanis} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 5, No.~1, 1--13 (1995; Zbl 0827.46043)] and continued by \textit{F. Bayart} and \textit{S. Grivaux} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 358, No.~11, 5083--5117 (2006; Zbl 1115.47005)]. A general condition for an operator to admit a Gaussian ergodic measure with full support was obtained by \textit{F. Bayart} and \textit{É. Matheron} [``Mixing operators and small subsets of the circle, to appear in: J. Reine Angew. Math. (2015), \url{doi:10.1515/crelle-2014-0002}, \url{arxiv:1112.1289}].NEWLINENEWLINEIn the paper under review, the authors consider measure theoretic properties of linear operators outside of the Gaussian framework. Among many other interesting results, they prove the following theorems: (1) Every frequently hypercyclic operator \(T\) on a reflexive Banach space \(X\) admits a continuous invariant probability measure with full support, which might be required to vanish on the set of periodic points of \(T\). (2) There exists a frequently hypercyclic operator on the space \(c_0(\mathbb{Z})\) which does not admit any ergodic measure with full support. One of the main ingredients in the proof is a certain parameter \(c(T)\) associated with a hypercyclic operator \(T\) acting on a Banach space \(X\), that, roughly speaking, gives the maximal frequency with which the orbit of a hypercyclic vector for \(T\) can visit a ball centered at \(0\). This parameter is also closely connected to the existence of distributionally irregular vectors for the operator \(T\), a notion studied by \textit{N. C. Bernardes jun.} et al. [J. Funct. Anal. 265, No. 9, 2143--2163 (2013; Zbl 1302.47014)]. Answering a question of the aforementioned authors, here it is proved that (3) if an operator \(T\) admits an ergodic measure with full support, then \(T\) admits a comeager set of distributionally irregular vectors. This holds, in particular, if \(T\) has a perfectly spanning set of unimodular eigenvectors. Moreover, necessary and sufficient conditions are presented to ensure that an operator \(T\) admits an invariant measure supported on the set of its hypercyclic vectors and belongs to the closed convex hull of its periodic measures. Finally, a Baire category argument is presented to show that any operator with a perfectly spanning set of unimodular eigenvectors admits an ergodic measure with full support.NEWLINENEWLINEIt is worth mentioning in connection with the research of this paper that, very recently, \textit{Q. Menet} [``Linear chaos and frequent hypercyclicity, Preprint, \url{arxiv:1410.7173}] has constructed a chaotic operator on \(\ell_1\) which is neither frequently hypercyclic nor distributionally chaotic; thus solving in the negative one of the most exciting open problems in linear dynamics.

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