Inverse problem and monodromy data for three-dimensional Frobenius manifolds
In 1996, \textit{B. Dubrovin} [Lect. Notes Math. 1620, 120-348 (1996; Zbl 0841.58065)] defined a Frobenius manifold \(M\) to be a complex manifold such that the vector fields \({\Gamma}(TM)\) form an associative, commutative algebra with unit \(e\). Equivalently, there is a flat holomorphic metric \(g\) with Levi-Civita connection \(\nabla\) such that the family of connection, \(\nabla^t\) defined, \(\nabla^t_X (Y) = \nabla_X (Y) + t X \circ Y\) (\(t\in \mathbb{C}\)) is flat and \(\nabla^0 = \nabla\). The product \(X \circ Y\) can be defined by \(g(X \circ Y, Z) = A(X, Y, Z)\) for \(A \in {\Gamma}( \text{Sym}^3T^*M)\). Locally, there is a potential function \(F\) such that \(g(X \circ Y, Z) = X(Y(Z(F)))\). Thus the associativity of the product \(X \circ Y\) is called the WDVV equation for the function \(F\). An Euler vector field \(E\) on a Frobenius manifold \(M\) is a vector field such that \({\mathcal L}_EA = (3-d)A\) for a real number \(d\). A commutative algebra \(A\) with a unit and a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form \(I_M\) such that \(I_M(a \circ b, c) = I_M(a, b\circ c)\) form a Frobenius manifold with local potential function \(F(a) = \frac{1}{3!}I_M(a, a \circ a)\). A deformation of the above commutative algebra \(A\) with Frobenius property are the Frobenius manifolds that arise from the Gromov-Witten theory for \(A = H^*(M)\) and the intersection pairing as inner product. If \(M\) is a 3-dimensional Frobenius manifold with local chart \(\{x, y, z\}\), then the unit is \(e = \partial_x\), the flat holomorphic metric \(g = dx \wedge dz + \frac{1}{2} dy \wedge dy\), and the potential function \(F = \frac{x^z+xy^2}{2} + \varphi (y, z)\) and the WDVV equation for \(F\) reduces to the equation \(\varphi_{zzz} =\varphi_{yyz}^2 - \varphi_{yyy}\varphi_{yzz}\). The paper under review restricts to semi-simple Frobenius manifolds of 3-dimension, and calculates explicitly \(\varphi (y, z)\) for semi-simple Frobenius manifolds. As a deformed connection \(\nabla^t\) (viewed as a connection on \(M \times C\)), \[ \nabla^t_{\frac{\partial}{\partial t}}Y = \frac{\partial}{\partial t}Y + E \cdot Y - \frac{1}{t}(I - d/2 - \nabla E)Y, \] where \(E\) is the Euler vector field, \(I - d/2 - \nabla E\) is an operator under the assumption that \(\nabla E\) is diagonalizable. For the normal form of non-constant flat coordinates, the linearized operator has eigenvalues on an open dense subset of \(M\). \(M\) is then called a semi-simple Frobenius manifold. The local structure is given by a parametric formula \(x=x(u), y=y(u), z=z(u)\) and \(F=F(u)\). Note that \(F(u) = \frac{x^z+xy^2}{2} + \varphi (y, z)\) with \(\varphi (y, z) = \varphi(e^y\cdot z^3)/z\) a closed form for a function \(\varphi\). The theoretical study being done in [\textit{B. Dubrovin} (loc. cit.], the author gives the computational part in this paper. The explicit form \(\varphi\) can be obtained in terms of Painlevé VI transcendents [\textit{B. Dubrovin}, Painlevé transcendents in two-dimensional topological field theory, The Painlevé Property, One Century Later, Springer, New York, CRM Ser. Math. Phys. 287-412 (1999)]. Thus the paper provides some constructive polynomial/algebraic solutions and derives the generating function of Gromov-Witten invariants of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^2\), up to degree 5. From the quantum cohomology of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^2\), we have \[ \varphi (y, z) = \sum_{d=1} N_d q \frac{e^{yd}z^{3d-1}}{(3d-1)!} \] where \(N_d\) is the number of degree \(d\) rational curves in \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^2\). The WDVV equation above is equivalent to the recursive formula \[ N_d = \sum_{e=1}^{d-1} \left(\begin{matrix} 3d-4 \\3e-2 \end{matrix}\right) e^2(d-e)^2 - \left(\left(\begin{matrix} 3d-4 \\ 3e -1 \end{matrix}\right)e^3(d-e)\right)N_eN_{d-e}. \] The author briefly reviews the inverse reconstruction of Frobenius manifolds in section 2, then starts to work out the 2-dimensional case in section 3, and the 3-dimensional case in section 4. The main results to find the closed form \(\varphi (y, z)\) occupy sections 5 and 6, including the verification on \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^2\) in section 8. In section 7, the formula of local structure is reduced to closed form for five algebraic solutions of the Painlevé equation.
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