Involutions of real intervals

DOI10.4064/AP112-1-2MaRDI QIDQ2875405zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 14 August 2014

Published in Annales Polonici Mathematici (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.4912

convolution even functions functional-differential equations implicit function theorem involutions of real intervals isochronous center isochronous potentials Lyapunov stability symmetric equations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Stability theory of functional-differential equations (34K20) Dynamical systems involving maps of the interval (37E05) Functional equations for real functions (39B22)

Abstract: This paper shows a simple construction of the continuous involutions of real intervals in terms of the continuous even functions. We also study the smooth involutions defined by symmetric equations. Finally, we review some applications, in particular the characterization of the isochronous potentials by means of smooth involutions.

Review text

A real (non-trivial) involution is a continuous map \(h\) defined from a real subinterval \(J\) into itself (being \(h\) distinct to the identity map \(\mathrm{Id}|_{J}\)) such that its second iterate is equal to \(\mathrm{Id}_J\). It is not restrictive to assume that \(0\in J.\) In the first sections, the author presents two new results about this class of maps, illustrated by suitable examples.NEWLINENEWLINEThe first one establishes a new method to construct convolutions from even functions defined on symmetric intervals, namely if \(\varphi:I\rightarrow \mathbb R\) is a continuous even map, with \(\varphi(0)=0\) and \(I=(-a,a)\) a non-degenerate subinterval, and we know that the map \(K:I\rightarrow J\) defined by \(K(y)=\frac{1}{2}\left(y+\varphi(y)\right)\) is a homeomorphism onto some \(J\), then the map \(h(x):=x-K^{-1}(x)\) is a new involution on \(J\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe second result asserts that if \(f=f(x,y)\) is a real-valued \(C^1\) function defined on an open set \(\Omega\subset\mathbb R^2\), with \((0,0)\in\Omega\) and \(f(0,0)=0\), and such that for any point \((x,y)\in\Omega\) we have \((y,x)\in\Omega\) and \(f(x,y)=f(x,y)\), then the connected component \(\Gamma\) of \(f^{-1}(0)\) that contains the origin is the graph of a smooth involution \(h\), whenever \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\neq 0\) in \(\Gamma\); even more, all smooth involutions are obtained in the same manner.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the last part, the author gives a little account on the application of (smooth) involutions in the setting of continuous dynamical systems. They are used: a) to characterize isochronous potentials for the scalar differential equation \(\ddot{x}=-g(x)\), see [\textit{G. Zampieri}, J. Differ. Equations 78, No. 1, 74--88 (1989; Zbl 0701.34049)]; b) to analyze the Lyapunov stability around the origin of a certain differential system representing the motion under attractive central forces, see [\textit{G. Zampieri}, J. Differ. Equations 74, No. 2, 254--265 (1988; Zbl 0668.34051)]; c) to solve explicitly a certain functional-differential equation involving the involution \(h(x)=-\frac{x}{1+x}\), \(x >1\).

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