Irregular Hodge filtration of hypergeometric differential equations
The paper investigates the irregular Hodge filtration associated with hypergeometric connections defined by rational parameters. Irregular Hodge theory, initiated by \textit{P. Deligne} [``Théorie de Hodge irrégulière. I, in: Singularités irrégulières. Correspondance et documents. Paris: Société Mathématique de France (2007; Zbl 1130.14001)] and further developed by \textit{C. Sabbah} [Irregular Hodge theory. Paris: Société Mathématique de France (SMF) (2018; Zbl 1422.14003)] and collaborators, extends classical Hodge theory to connections with irregular singularities. The authors focus on confluent hypergeometric differential equations and provide a geometric method to compute the corresponding irregular Hodge data.\N\NLet \((\alpha,\beta)\) be nonresonant sequences of rational numbers. The main result gives an explicit description of the jumps of the irregular Hodge filtration on the hypergeometric connection \(\mathrm{Hyp}_\lambda(\alpha;\beta)\). More precisely, the authors define real numbers \(\theta(k)\) and show that, up to an \(\mathbb{R}\)-shift, the graded pieces of the irregular Hodge filtration are determined by the multiplicities of these values. This provides a uniform rederivation and refinement of earlier computations due to \textit{R. Fedorov} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2018, No. 18, 5583--5608 (2018; Zbl 1408.32017)] and to \textit{C. Sabbah} and \textit{J.-D. Yu} [Épijournal de Géom. Algébr., EPIGA 3, Paper No. 7, 9 p. (2019; Zbl 1445.14021)].\N\NThe key ingredient is an exponential-geometric interpretation of hypergeometric connections, inspired by the framework of \textit{N. M. Katz} [Exponential sums and differential equations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1990; Zbl 0731.14008)]. The authors realize \(\mathrm{Hyp}_\lambda(\alpha;\beta)\) as a suitable isotypic component of the twisted de~Rham cohomology of a pair \((X,g)\), where \(g\) is a carefully chosen Laurent polynomial. Using results of Yu on irregular Hodge filtrations of twisted de~Rham cohomology together with the Newton polyhedron method of \textit{A. Adolphson} and \textit{S. Sperber} [Invent. Math. 88, 555--569 (1987; Zbl 0623.12012)], they obtain a fiberwise description of the filtration and deduce the global result. The paper also provides explicit cyclic vectors for the connection and discusses the resonant case of modified hypergeometric \(D\)-modules.\N\NAs an arithmetic application, the authors study hypergeometric sums over finite fields. Under suitable rationality assumptions, they prove that in the confluent case (\(n>m\)) the Frobenius Newton polygon of the associated hypergeometric \(F\)-isocrystal coincides with the irregular Hodge polygon. The argument combines the geometric construction with results of Adolphson-Sperber and \textit{D. Wan} [Ann. Math. (2) 137, No. 2, 249--293 (1993; Zbl 0799.11058)] on ordinariness.\N\NOverall, the work gives a coherent geometric framework for computing irregular Hodge filtrations of hypergeometric connections and clarifies their relation with \(p\)-adic Frobenius slopes. The results fit naturally into the interaction between irregular Hodge theory, hypergeometric \(D\)-modules, and arithmetic properties of exponential sums.
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