Isolated singularities of harmonic functions

Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions in higher dimensions (31B05) Potentials and capacities, extremal length and related notions in higher dimensions (31B15)

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Let \(B_r(x_0) = \{x \in \mathbb R^n : | x - x_0| < r\}\) be the ball of radius \(r\) and centered at \(x_0\), \(B_r = B_r(0)\), \(S(a,b,x_0) = \{x \in \mathbb R^n : a \leq | x - x_0| < b\}\) and \(S(a,b) = S(a,b,0)\). Using certain results from \textit{W. K. Hayman}, \textit{L. Karp} and \textit{H. S. Shapiro} [Rend. Mat. Appl., VII. Ser. 20, 93--129 (2000; Zbl 0991.31004)], the authors prove the following result on removable singularities of harmonic functions on \(\mathbb R^n\), \(n\geq 3\). Theorem. Let \(m\) be a positive integer and assume that a function \(u\) satisfies: (a) \(\triangle u = 0\) in \(B_1(x_0) \setminus \;\{x_0\}\). (b) \(u(x) = O(| x - x_0| ^{-m})\) as \(x \to x_0\). (c) \(| \nabla u(x)| \leq \frac{C}{| x - x_0|}\) on \(K \cap (B_1(x_0) \setminus \;\{x_0\})\), where \(x_0\) is an accumulation point of the set \(K\). If \[ \limsup_{r \to 0} \frac{\text{cap} (K \cap S(r/2,r, x_0))}{\text{cap} (S(r/2,r))} > 0 \tag{1} \] then \(u\) extends to a harmonic function on \(B_1(x_0)\). ``cap means Newtonian capacity. The condition (1) is called capacity density condition and is quite common in potential theory. It is also shown that if the condition (1) is not assumed, then the conclusion of the Theorem no longer holds. As an application, in the last section of the paper it is proved that a certain subclass of \(HL^1(\Omega)\), the space of all harmonic functions in \(L^1(\Omega)\), \(\Omega \) being a bounded domain in \(\mathbb R^n\), \(n \geq 3\), is dense in \(HL^1(\Omega)\) in the topology of the \(L^1\)-norm. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1027.00021].

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