Isometries of certain operator spaces
A well-known result of \textit{R. V. Kadison} [Ann. Math. (2) 54, 325--338 (1951; Zbl 0045.06201)] describes surjective isometries of the space of compact and bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space, in terms of composition operators by unitaries and anti-unitaries. In this very interesting and thought provoking paper, the authors give an abstract analogue of this result to the space of operators \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\), between certain pairs of Banach spaces \(X\) and \(Y\). We recall from \textit{P. Harmand, D. Werner} and \textit{W. Werner} [[HWW] Lect. Notes Math. 1547 (1993; Zbl 0789.46011)], Chapter I, that a closed subspace \(M \subset X\) is said to be an \(M\)-ideal if there exists a projection in \({\mathcal L}(X^\ast)\) such that \(\ker(P) = M^\bot\) and \(\| x^\ast\| = \| P(x^\ast)\| + \| x^\ast - P(x^\ast)\| \) for all \(x^\ast \in X^\ast\). Pairs of Banach spaces \(X,Y\) for which the space of compact operators \({\mathcal K}(X,Y)\) forms an \(M\)-ideal in \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\) in a non-trivial way include \(X = \ell^p\) and \(Y = \ell^q\) for \(1 < p \leq q <\infty\). See section VI.4 of [HWW] for a proof of this and Chapter VI for several examples among classical spaces where \({\mathcal K}(X,Y)\) forms an \(M\)-ideal in \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\). It is unfortunate that even after a decade of its appearance, the monograph [HWW], which has now become a standard reference, does not get mentioned in this paper. The main result of this paper states that under the conditions that (1) \(X\) and \(Y\) are both reflexive, (2) \(X\) and \(Y^\ast\) are strictly convex, (3) \(X^\ast\) has the approximation property, and (4) \({\mathcal K}(X,Y)\) is an \(M\)-ideal in \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\), any surjective isometry of \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\) is of the form \(T \rightarrow UTV\) where \(U \in {\mathcal L}(Y)\) and \(V \in {\mathcal L}(X)\) are surjective isometries. That isometries are of this form for \({\mathcal L}(\ell^p,\ell^q)\) when \(1 <q \leq p <\infty\) was shown earlier by \textit{R. Grzaslewicz} [Funct. Approximation, Comment. Math. 26, 287--291 (1998; Zbl 0944.47042)]. The method of proof of the main result consists of first proving that surjective isometries of \({\mathcal K}(X,Y)\) are of the prescribed form and then use the \(M\)-ideal hypothesis to show that a surjective isometry of \({\mathcal L}(X,Y)\) leaves the space of compact operators invariant. Reviewer's remarks: The possibility of \(X\) being isometric to \(Y^\ast\) was considered on page 1477, the mention of isometries given by this case is missing from the hypothesis of Theorem 1.2. Theorem 2.1 is incorrect, isometries that are not of the form \(UTV\) were exhibited in [[R1]: \textit{T. S. S. R. K. Rao}, ``Some generalizations of the Kadison's theorem: A survey, Extracta Mathematicae 19 (2004), to appear] and [[R2]: \textit{T. S. S. R. K. Rao}, ``Isometries of spaces of operators, Preprint (2004)]. Remark 1.3 is incorrect, in particular the assumption of strict convexity cannot be dropped from \(Y^\ast\). Theorem 2.2 and 2.3 can be deduced from general results in \(M\)-structure theory, see [[R]: \textit{T. S. S. R. K. Rao}, ``Remarks on a result of Khalil and Saleh, Proc. Am. Math. Soc., to appear]. The main results have been extended to the non-reflexive case in [R] and several consequences of isometries having `canonical' form were discussed in [R1].
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