Selmer groups and Tate-Shafarevich groups for the congruent number problem (Q1001221)

A positive integer \(n\) is called a congruent number if it is the area of some right-angled triangle with sides of rational length. It turns out that this condition is equivalent to the elliptic curve \(E_n:y^2=x^3-n^2x\) having positive rank over \(\mathbb{Q}\), and so the arithmetic of curves of this form has received a certain amount of attention. Given an isogeny \(\phi:E\rightarrow E'\) of elliptic curves over \(\mathbb{Q}\), the rank of \(E\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) can be related (via the machinery of descent) to the Selmer group \(\text{Sel}^{(\phi)}(E/\mathbb{Q})\) and \(\text Ш(E/\mathbb{Q})[\phi]\), where \(\text Ш(E/\mathbb{Q})\) is the Tate-Shafarevich group. \textit{D. R.~Heath-Brown} [Invent.~Math. 111, No. 1, 171--195 (1993; Zbl 0808.11041); Invent.~Math. 118, No. 2, 331--370 (1994; Zbl 0815.11032)] has obtained various results on the average size of the Selmer and Tate-Shafarevich groups corresponding to the isogeny \([2]:E_n\rightarrow E_n\). This isogeny factors, in three ways, through intermediate curves, and the results of the present article concern the average size of the Selmer and Tate-Shafarevich groups corresponding to these intermediate isogenies. Let \(\phi_1\), \(\phi_2\), and \(\phi_3\) be the three distinct isogenies of degree 2 on \(E_n\), let \(E_{i, n}\) be the quotient of \(E_n\) by \(\phi_i\), and let \(\hat{\phi_i}:E_{i, n}\rightarrow E_n\) be the dual isogeny to \(\phi_i\). Furthermore, define integers \(s(n, \cdot)\) and \(t(n, \cdot)\) by setting \[ \#\text{Sel}^{(\phi_i)}(E_n/\mathbb{Q})=2^{s(n, \phi_i)}\quad\text{and}\qquad\#\text{Sel}^{(\hat{\phi}_i)}(E_{i, n}/\mathbb{Q})=2^{s(n, \hat{\phi}_i)}, \] \[ \#\text Ш(E_n/\mathbb{Q})[\phi_i]=2^{t(n, \phi_i)}\quad\text{and}\qquad\#\textШ(E_{i, n}/\mathbb{Q})[\hat{\phi}_i]=2^{t(n, \hat{\phi}_i)}, \] and let \[ S(X, h)=\{1\leq n\leq X: n\equiv h\;(\text{mod}\;8)\}. \] The main result concerning the order of the Selmer groups is that, for any integer \(k> 0\), and each \(h=1, 3, 5, 7\), \[ \lim_{X\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\#S(X, h)}\sum_{n\in S(X, h)}s(n, \phi_i)^k=0, \] while for any real \(\gamma\), \[ \lim_{X\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\#S(X, h)}\#\left\{n\in S(X, h):\frac{s(n, \hat{\phi}_i)-\frac{1}{2}\log\log n}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\log\log n}}\right\}=G(\gamma), \] where \[ G(\gamma)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\gamma e^{-t^2/2}dt. \] In other words, \(s(n, \phi_i)\) is typically 0, while \(s(n, \hat{\phi}_i)\) follows a Gaussian distribution. The main result concerning the order of the Tate-Shafarevich groups is that \[ \lim_{X\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\#S(X, h)}\sum_{n\in S(X, h)}t(n, \phi_i)^k=O_k\left((\log X)^{-1/5}\right) \] while \[ \lim_{X\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\#S(X, h)}\sum_{n\in S(X, h)}t(n, \hat{\phi}_i)^k=\left(\frac{\log\log X}{2}\right)^k+O_k\left((\log\log X)^{k-1}\right) \]