Operad of formal homogeneous spaces and Bernoulli numbers (Q1005872)

The theory of operads and props gives in many situations a conceptual explanation of the well-know experimental observation that the deformation theory of algebraic and geometric structures is controlled by a differential graded (dg) Lie algebra or, more generally, a \(L_\infty\)-algebra. The author wants to give in this paper an operadic interpretation of the Jacobi-Bernoulli deformation complex introduced by \textit{Z. Ran} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., III. Ser. 92, No.~3, 545--580 (2006; Zbl 1095.14010) and Geom. Funct. Anal. 18, No.~1, 184--221 (2008; Zbl 1142.14007)] for studying deformations of various pairs of geometric structures arising in complex algebraic geometry. The differential of this deformation complex is unusual since it involves Bernoulli numbers. The answer is based on the notion of formal homogeneous space, which is by definition a triple \((\mathfrak{g}, \mathfrak{h}, F)\) consisting of a Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\), a vector space \(\mathfrak{h}\) and a morphism \(F: \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow {\mathcal T}_{\mathfrak{h}}\) of Lie algebras where \({\mathcal T}_{\mathfrak{h}}\) is the Lie algebra of smooth formal vector fields on the space \(\mathfrak{h}\). There exists a \(2\)-coloured operad \({\mathcal HS}\) whose representations are formal homogeneous spaces. Let \({\mathcal LP}\) be the \(2\)-coloured operad whose representations are the Lie pairs \((\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h},\varphi)\), i.e., a map of Lie algebras \(\varphi :\mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{h}\). The author proves that there exists a unique non-trivial morphism of \(2\)-coloured operads \(JB:{\mathcal HS} \rightarrow {\mathcal LP}\) which he calls the Jacobi-Bernoulli morphism. This result means that given a morphism of Lie algebras \(\varphi :\mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{h}\), there is a canonically associated morphism of Lie algebras \(F_\varphi: \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow {\mathcal T}_{\mathfrak{h}}\) which is determined by \(\varphi\) and the Lie algebra brackets in \(\mathfrak{h}\). The deformation theory of \(F_\varphi\) is governed by the minimal resolution \({\mathcal HS}_\infty\) of the \(2\)-coloured operad \({\mathcal HS}\), which naturally gives rise to Ziv Ran's Jacobi-Bernoulli complex. This construction also explains Fiorenza-Manetti's \(L_\infty\)-algebra structure on the mapping cone of a morphism of two Lie algebras [\textit{D. Fiorenza} and \textit{M. Manetti}, Algebra Number Theory 1, No.~3, 301--330 (2007; Zbl 1166.17010)]. The above constructions are then extended by proving the existence of a map of \(2\)-coloured dg operads \(JB_\infty : {\mathcal HS}_\infty \rightarrow {\mathcal LP}_\infty\) where \({\mathcal LP}_\infty\) is the \(2\)-coloured dg operad describing the deformation of Lie pairs, i.e., pairs of \(L_\infty\)-algebras and \(L_\infty\)-morphisms between them. The author shows an iterative procedure for computing \(JB_\infty\) in full generality and gives explicit formulae for the natural composition \(JB_\infty : {\mathcal HS}_\infty \rightarrow {\mathcal LP}_\infty \rightarrow {\mathcal LP}_{\frac{1}{2}\infty}\) where \({\mathcal LP}_{\frac{1}{2}\infty}\) is the \(2\)-coloured operad describing \(L_\infty\)-morphisms \(\varphi_\infty:\mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{h}\) between ordinary dg Lie algebras.