Mixed sums of squares and triangular numbers. III (Q1011673)

The authors prove Conjecture 1 of the second author [Acta Arith. 127, No. 2, 103--113 (2007; Zbl 1127.11030)] which states that each positive integer is a sum of a square, an odd square and a triangular number. Given any positive integer \(m\), it is shown that \(p=2m+1\) is a prime congruent to 3 modulo 4 if and only if \(T_m=m(m+1)/2\) cannot be expressed as a sum of two odd squares and a triangular number, i.e., \(p^2=x^2+8(y^2+z^2)\) for no odd integers \(x,y,z\). They also prove that a positive integer cannot be written as a sum of an odd square and two triangular numbers if and only if it is of the form \(2T_m\) \((m>0)\) with \(2m+1\) having no prime divisor congruent to 3 modulo 4. For Part II, see Integers 7, No. 1, Paper A56, 5 p., electronic only (2007; Zbl 1195.11049).