Relative asymptotic of multiple orthogonal polynomials for Nikishin systems (Q1028407)

The authors study the asymptotic behavior of the ratio of two sequences of multiple orthogonal polynomials (on the real line0 with respect to a Nikishin system of measures [\textit{E. M. Nikishin}, Math. USSR Sb. 41, 409--426 (1980; Zbl 0478.30007), translation of the Russian original: Mat. Sb., N. Ser. 113(155), 499--519 (1980; Zbl 0456.30009)]. The main result addresses the following situation where \((\sigma_1,\dots,\sigma_m)\) for which \(\sigma_k\) has constant sign on its compact support \(\Delta_k\;(1\leq k\leq m)\): \(S=(s_1,\dots,s_m)={\mathcal N}^{\ast}(\sigma_1,\dots,\sigma_m)\) is a Nikishin system with supp\(\,(\sigma_k)\subset \mathbb R\) consisting of an interval \(\tilde\Delta\), on which \(|\sigma_k'|>0\) almost everywhere, and a discrete set without accumulation points in \(\mathbb R\setminus \tilde\Delta\), \((\tilde s_1,\dots,\tilde s_m)={\mathcal N}(p_1\sigma_1,\dots,p_m\sigma_m)\) is a Nikishin system where the \(p_k\;(1\leq k\leq m)\) are monic polynomials with complex coefficients and all their zeros in \(\mathbb C\setminus \bigcup_{k=1}^m\,\delta_k\). Let \(Q_{\mathbf{n}}\) resp. \(\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}\) be the monic polynomials of smallest degree (\(\not\equiv 0\)) with \[ 0=\int\,x^{\nu}Q_{\mathbf{n}}(x)ds_k(x),\;\nu=0,\dots,n_k-1;\;k=1,\dots, m, \] resp. \[ 0=\int\,x^{\nu}\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}(x)d\tilde s_k(x),\;\nu=0,\dots,n_k-1;\;k=1,\dots, m, \] with \[ \mathbf{n}=(n_1,\dots,n_m)\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}^m,\;|\mathbf{n}|=n_1+\cdots+n_m. \] Then one of the main results is \[ \lim_{\mathbf{n}\in\Lambda}\,{\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}(z)\over Q_{\mathbf{n}}(z)}= {\mathcal F}(z;p_1,\dots,p_m),\leqno{\mathbf{A.}} \] uniformly in \(z\) on compact subsets \(K\subset \overline{\mathbb{C}}\setminus\text{supp}\,(\sigma_1)\); \(\mathcal F\) is analytic and never vanishes on \(\mathbb C\setminus\tilde\Delta_1\). For sufficiently large \(|\mathbf{n}|,\mathbf{n}\in\Lambda,\text{deg}\,\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}=|\mathbf{n}|\), the set supp\(\,(\sigma_1)\) is an attractor for the zeros of \(\{\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}\}_{\mathbf{n}\in\Lambda}\) and each point in supp\(\,(\sigma_1)\setminus\tilde\Delta_1\) is a \(1\)-attraction point of the zeros of \(\{\tilde Q_{\mathbf{n}}\}_{\mathbf{n}\in\Lambda}\). The sequence of multi-indices \(\Lambda\) consists of \(\mathbf{n}\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}^m\) with \[ j<k\Rightarrow n_k+\text{deg}\,(p_{j+1}+\cdots+p_k)\leq n_j+1. \] Moreover, when the coefficients of all polynomials \(p_k\) are real, the statement remains valid for sequences of multi-indices satisfying \[ j<k\Rightarrow n_k\leq n_j+1. \] Other results cover statements concerning \textbf{B.} Nikishin systems \(S\) and the perturbed system \({\mathcal N}({p_1\over q_1}\,\sigma_1,\dots,{p_m\over q_m}\, \sigma_m)\) where \(p_k,q_k\) are relatively prime polynomials with all zeros in \(\mathbb C\setminus \bigcup_{k=1}^m\,\delta_k\). In the complex case the condition on the multi-indices is \[ j<k\Rightarrow n_k+\text{deg}\,(p_{j+1}q_{j+1}+\cdots+p_kq_k)\leq n_j+1, \] in the real case \[ j<k\Rightarrow n_k\leq n_j+1. \] \textbf{C.} A result like \textbf{A} for the ratio of the polynomials of the second kind. \textbf{D.} A result like \textbf{B} for the polynomials of the second kind. \textbf{E.} A result like \textbf{A} for \(p_k\) with real coefficients giving explicit information on the limit. \textbf{F.} A result like \textbf{B} for \(p_k,q_k\) with real coefficients giving explicit information on the limit. A nicely written, very interesting paper.