Lyapunov bases of a vector space and maximal \(\lambda \)-subspaces (Q1033624)

Let \(X\) denote a linear space over \({\mathbb K}\in\{{\mathbb R},{\mathbb C}\}\) and suppose that \(\Lambda\) is a linearly ordered set. A mapping \(\lambda:X\to\Lambda\) fulfilling the conditions \[ \lambda(cx)\leq\lambda(x), \qquad \lambda(x+y)\leq \max\{\lambda(x),\lambda(y)\} \] for all \(x,y\in X\) and \(c\in{\mathbb K}\) is called a Lyapunov-Bogdanov functional. The first part of the paper deals with the stratification of linear spaces \(X\) determined by a Lyapunov-Bogdanov functional, where the union of \(\lambda\)-level sets gives rise to the stratification. In Section 2 classes of so-called based and non-based Lyapunov-Bogdanov functionals are discussed. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Lyapunov-Bogdanov basis are given. As an illustration, the final section contains several examples of Lyapunov-Bogdanov functionals: (1) The logarithmic norm of a formal power series. (2) The lexicographic representation of Lyapunov-Bogdanov functionals, and (3) the interpretation of eigenvalues of the Laplacian as a Lyapunov-Bogdanov functional.