New look at thermodynamics of gas and at clusterization (Q1033806)

In this paper one can read about the estimates for the distribution in dependence of the parameter \(N\) (the number of particles), by using the example of a rigorous formulation and rigorous proof in the case of Maxwell-Gibbs distribution for a large value of molecules of ideal gas. The words ``a large value'' suggest that one need not look for a large parameter, but this is not the case because in the case of Maxwell distribution a question appears: ``where one must add a dimensionless small parameter in order to make this distribution correct ?'' Until now we don't have an answer in a general case, but we also know that the small parameter should be in many cases included into the exponent. Thanks this we can obtain an asymptotic formula together with its domain of applicability, but this approach can raise some doubts. Other doubts can be indicated in the case when one wants to justify the Maxwell distribution rigorously and is forced to use the number \(N\) that is integer thus also the number theory should be applied, but this indicates us that it would seem a priori to have nothing to do with our problem. However, the case of hyperfine structure considered by Landau and Lifshits shows that the discreteness is of importance for the justification. The discreteness and the number theory are related -- the Kolmogorov complexity can be the example. Further there are also considerations about the problem that concerns the creation of dimers in classical gas. It is regarded as an analog of Bose condensation, and thanks this the estimates for the lower level of the analog of Bose condensation are proved. The Bose condensate can be treated, for instance, as some coagulation of low-velocity particles and the formation of mentioned above dimmers, but also trimers and other clusters. The relationship between lower level of the analog of Bose condensation and the theory of ``capture'' in the scattering problem corresponding to interaction in the form of Lennard--Jones potential was clarified. There is also the derivation of the equation of state of a nonideal gas as a result of pairwise interaction of particles in the Lennard--Jones and Kihara models. We can also read about new quantum equations for the transfer of neutral gas consisting of particles with evenly and oddly many neutrons in capillaries and nanotubes. In the Appendix, a proof of the theorem on the Maxwell distribution is given.