Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect (Q1035194)

For a compact surface \(S\), we define the systole of \(S\), denoted by \(\text{sys}(S)\), by the least length of closed geodesics on \(S\) that cannot be contracted to a point. For a torus \((T^2,g)\), with Riemannian metric \(g\), C. Loewner discovered an inequality relating the total area to the systole of \(T^2\) as follows: \(\text{area}(g)- (\sqrt{3}/2)\text{syst}(g)^2\geq 0\). In this paper, the authors try to obtain a version of Loewner's torus inequality with a systolic defect term. For this purpose, they consider a torus \((T^2,f^2(dx^2+ dy^2))\), where \(f\) is a positive doubly periodic function on \(\mathbb{R}^2\). They decompose \(f\) by setting \(f(x,y)= E(f)+ g_f(x)+ h_f(y)+ k_(x,y)\), where \(E(f)\) is the expected value of \(f\), and \(g_f\) and \(h_f\) have zero means, while \(k_f\) has zero mean along every vertical and horizontal unit interval. Then they define a biaxial projection, by \(p_{ba}(f)= g_f(x)+ h_f(y)\). The authors prove the following version of Loewner's torus inequality with a second systolic defect term: \(\text{area}(g)- \text{sys}(g)^2\geq \text{var}(f)+ (1/16)(|p_{ba}(f)|_1)^2\), where \(\text{var}(f)\) is the variance of \(f\) and, \(|\cdot|_1\) denotes the \(L^1\)-norm.