Absolute anabelian cuspidalizations of configuration spaces of proper hyperbolic curves over finite fields (Q1035843)

For \(X\) a hyperbolic curve over a field \(K\), let \(U_{X_{(r)}}\) be the product of \(r\) copies of \(X\), with the diagonals (i.e., \(\bigcup_{i \neq j} \{(x_1, \dots ,x_r)\mid x_i = x_j\}\)) removed. The \textit{cuspidalization problem} asks whether one can reconstruct the étale fundamental group of \(U_{X_{(r)}}\) from that of \(X\). For \(X\) proper and \(K\) finite, this paper solves a more difficult geometrically pro-\(l\) version of the cuspidalization problem. Namely, Let \(X_{\underline{(r)}}\) be the direct product of \(r\) copies of \(X\), so that \(U_{X_{(r)}} \hookrightarrow X_{\underline{(r)}}\). Let \(\Pi_{X_{(r)}}\) (resp.\ \(\Pi_{\underline{X_{(r)}}}\)) be the quotient of \(\pi_1(U_{X_{(r)}}\)) (resp.\ \(\pi_1(X_{\underline{(r)}}\)) by the subgroup of \(\pi_1(U_{X_{(r)}} \times_K K)\) (resp.\ \(\pi_1(X_{\underline{(r)}} \times_K K)\)) yielding a maximal pro-\(l\) quotient. This is called the \textit{geometrically pro-\(l\) fundamental group} of \(U_{X_{(r)}}\) (resp.\ \(X_{\underline{(r)}}\)). The main theorem of this paper states that, if \(X\) and \(Y\) are proper hyperbolic curves over finite fields, then a Frobenius-preserving isomorphism \(\alpha_{(1)}: \Pi_{X_{(1)}} \to \Pi_{Y_{(1)}}\) gives rise to an isomorphism \(\alpha_{(r)}: \Pi_{X_{(r)}} \to \Pi_{Y_{(r)}}\) for each \(r \in \mathbb{N}\). The isomorphism \(\alpha_{(r)}\) is unique up to conjugation by an element of \(\ker (\Pi_{Y_{(r)}} \to \Pi_{Y_{\underline{(r)}}})\). Furthermore, the \(\alpha_{(r)}\) are compatible in a natural way. This was already proven in the case \(r = 2\) in [\textit{S. Mochizuki}, J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 47, No. 3, 451--539 (2007; Zbl 1143.14305)]. The author derives the consequence that if \(\Pi_{X}\) and \(\Pi_{Y}\) are isomorphic, then if we remove a set \(S\) of \(r\) rational points from \(X\), there exists a set \(T\) of \(r\) rational points of \(Y\) such that the geometrically pro-\(l\) fundamental groups of \(X \backslash S\) and \(Y \backslash T\) are isomorphic.