Good points for Diophantine approximation (Q1043857)

The Duffin and Schaeffer conjecture (D.S.C.) says that for an arbitrary function \(f(q)\geq0\) defined on positive integers (zero values are also allowed for \(f(q)\)) the diophantine inequality \(|x-\frac{p}{q}|<f(q)\), \(p,q\) are integers, \(\gcd(p,q)=1\), \(q>0\), has infinitely many integer solutions \(p\) and \(q\) for almost all \(x\in[0,1]\) (in the sense of Lebesgue measure) if and only if the series \(\sum_{q=1}^\infty\varphi(q)f(q)\) diverges (here \(\varphi(q)\) is the Euler totient function). The D.S.C. is one of the most important unsolved problems in metric number theory until now, see \textit{G. Harman} [Metric number theory. London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1998; Zbl 1081.11057)]. D.S.C. inspired the following generalization: Let \(x_n\in[0,1)\), \(z_n>0\), \(z_n\to0\), \(n=1,2,\dots\), be real sequences. What is the size of the set \(G\) of \(x\in[0,1]\) for which the inequality \(|x-x_n|<z_n\) holds for infinitely many \(n\). E.g. \textit{J. Lesca} [Sur les approximations à une dimension. Doctor Thesis Univ. Grenoble (1968)] proved that if \(x_n=n\theta\bmod 1\), irrational \(\theta\) has bounded partial quotients, \(z_n\) is monotone and \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z_n=\infty\), then the Lebesgue measure \(|G|=1\). In this paper, among others, the authors prove: (i) If \(x_n\) is a dense in \([0,1]\), then the set \(G\) is an uncountable dense subset of the interval \([0,1]\). (ii) If \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z^s_n<\infty\) for some \(0<s<1\), then \(\dim_H G\leq s\) (the Hausdorff dimension). (iii) For any \(z_n\) there is a well distributed \(x_n\in[0,1)\) such that \(\dim_H G=0\). (iv) If \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z_n=\infty\), there exists \(x_n\in[0,1]\) such that \(G=[0,1]\). (v) For the sequence \(x_n\) of all dyadic rational numbers from \([0,1)\) ordered as \[ 0/2,1/2,1/4,3/4,1/8,3/8,5/8,7/8,1/16,\dots \] and \(z_n=1/n\) we have \(G=[0,1]\). If \(z_n=1/n^{1+\varepsilon}\), then \(G\) is uncountable dense with zero Lebesgue measure and containing no algebraic numbers. (vi) Consider the sequence \(x_n\) of Farey fractions from \((0,1]\) ordered as \[ 1/1,1/2,1/3,2/3,1/4,3/4,1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5,1/6,\dots \] and let \(\varepsilon\) be an arbitrary positive number. If \(z_n=(\sqrt{3}/\pi+\varepsilon)/\sqrt{n}\), then \(G=[0,1]\). If \(z_n=(\sqrt{3}/(\pi^2\sqrt{5}+\varepsilon)/{n}\), then \(G=[0,1]\setminus\mathbb Q\). Used proofs are interesting.