Good points for Diophantine approximation (Q1043857)

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Good points for Diophantine approximation
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    Good points for Diophantine approximation (English)
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    9 December 2009
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    The Duffin and Schaeffer conjecture (D.S.C.) says that for an arbitrary function \(f(q)\geq0\) defined on positive integers (zero values are also allowed for \(f(q)\)) the diophantine inequality \(|x-\frac{p}{q}|<f(q)\), \(p,q\) are integers, \(\gcd(p,q)=1\), \(q>0\), has infinitely many integer solutions \(p\) and \(q\) for almost all \(x\in[0,1]\) (in the sense of Lebesgue measure) if and only if the series \(\sum_{q=1}^\infty\varphi(q)f(q)\) diverges (here \(\varphi(q)\) is the Euler totient function). The D.S.C. is one of the most important unsolved problems in metric number theory until now, see \textit{G. Harman} [Metric number theory. London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1998; Zbl 1081.11057)]. D.S.C. inspired the following generalization: Let \(x_n\in[0,1)\), \(z_n>0\), \(z_n\to0\), \(n=1,2,\dots\), be real sequences. What is the size of the set \(G\) of \(x\in[0,1]\) for which the inequality \(|x-x_n|<z_n\) holds for infinitely many \(n\). E.g. \textit{J. Lesca} [Sur les approximations à une dimension. Doctor Thesis Univ. Grenoble (1968)] proved that if \(x_n=n\theta\bmod 1\), irrational \(\theta\) has bounded partial quotients, \(z_n\) is monotone and \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z_n=\infty\), then the Lebesgue measure \(|G|=1\). In this paper, among others, the authors prove: (i) If \(x_n\) is a dense in \([0,1]\), then the set \(G\) is an uncountable dense subset of the interval \([0,1]\). (ii) If \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z^s_n<\infty\) for some \(0<s<1\), then \(\dim_H G\leq s\) (the Hausdorff dimension). (iii) For any \(z_n\) there is a well distributed \(x_n\in[0,1)\) such that \(\dim_H G=0\). (iv) If \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty z_n=\infty\), there exists \(x_n\in[0,1]\) such that \(G=[0,1]\). (v) For the sequence \(x_n\) of all dyadic rational numbers from \([0,1)\) ordered as \[ 0/2,1/2,1/4,3/4,1/8,3/8,5/8,7/8,1/16,\dots \] and \(z_n=1/n\) we have \(G=[0,1]\). If \(z_n=1/n^{1+\varepsilon}\), then \(G\) is uncountable dense with zero Lebesgue measure and containing no algebraic numbers. (vi) Consider the sequence \(x_n\) of Farey fractions from \((0,1]\) ordered as \[ 1/1,1/2,1/3,2/3,1/4,3/4,1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5,1/6,\dots \] and let \(\varepsilon\) be an arbitrary positive number. If \(z_n=(\sqrt{3}/\pi+\varepsilon)/\sqrt{n}\), then \(G=[0,1]\). If \(z_n=(\sqrt{3}/(\pi^2\sqrt{5}+\varepsilon)/{n}\), then \(G=[0,1]\setminus\mathbb Q\). Used proofs are interesting.
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    Uniform distribution
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    well distribution
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    diophantine approximation
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    Lebesgue measure
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    Hausdorff dimension.
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