On the equivalence of proportional cell frequencies and orthogonality of interaction spaces in n-way ANOVA (Q1059963)

Consider a general n-way crossed classification in ANOVA with unequal cell frequencies. We prove the orthogonality of interaction spaces (suitably adjusted for lower order interaction spaces) holds if and only if the cell frequencies are proportional. Implications of proportional cell frequencies to the adjustment of all other effects are also studied.