Weakly uniform distribution mod m for certain recursive sequences and for monomial sequences (Q1063060)

The author uses the following definition. Let \(a=\{a_ n\}_{n=1,2,...}\) be a sequence of integers. For integers \(N\geq 1\), \(m\geq 2\) and \(0\leq j\leq m-1\), let \(A_ N(a;j,m)\) be the number of terms among \(a_ 1,a_ 2,...,a_ N\) satisfying the congruence \(a_ n\equiv j (mod m)\) and similarly \(B_ n(a;m)\) as the number of terms \(a_ n\), \(1\leq n\leq N\), that are relatively prime to m. A sequence \(a=\{a_ n\}_{n=1,2,...}\) of integers is said to be weakly uniformly distributed mod m if, for all j prime to m, \[ \lim_{N\to \infty}(A_ N(a;j,m)/B_ N(a;m))=1/\phi (m), \] provided \(\lim_{N\to \infty}B_ N(a;m)=\infty\), where \(\phi\) ( ) denotes the Euler totient function. In the present note recursive sequences of the type \[ v_{n+1}\equiv a_ k(v_ n^ k+v_ n^{-k})+a_{k-1}(v_ n^{k-1}+v_ n^{-(k- 1))}+...+a_ 1(v_ n+v_ n^{-1})+a_ 0\quad (mod m) \] are considered. Section 1 contains in this respect the following result. Theorem 1. No recursive sequence \(v=\{v_ n\}_{n=1,2,...}\) is weakly uniformly distributed mod m except for \(v_{n+1}\equiv v_ n+v_ n^{-1} (mod 3)\) and for \(v_{n+1}\equiv v^ 2_ n+v_ n+1+ v_ n^{-1}+v_ n^{-2}(mod 3)\). - Section 2 is concerned about recursive sequences defined by \(w_{n+1}\equiv aw_ n^ k+bw_ n^{-k} (mod m)\). Section 3 deals with monomial sequences. The author considers, for nonnegative integer k, monomial sequences \(m(k;a)=\{a\cdot n^ k\}_{n=1,2,...}\). If a monomial sequence m(k;a) is weakly uniformly distributed mod m, then the following congruential equation \(a\cdot s^ k\equiv c (mod m)\) has a unique solution in \({\mathcal G}_ m=({\mathbb{Z}}/m{\mathbb{Z}})^*\) for all c in \({\mathcal G}_ m\) and a is necessarily prime to m. One of the results obtained is the following. Theorem 3. The monomial sequence m(1;a) of degree one is weakly uniformly distributed mod m if and only if a is relatively prime to m. (Likewise to uniformly distributed sequences of integers, an integer sequence \(b=\{b_ n\}_{n=1,2,...}\) is called weakly uniformly distributed if b is weakly uniformly distributed mod m for all integers \(m\geq 2.)\)