Edgeworth corrected pivotal statistics and the bootstrap (Q1063968)

A general procedure for multistage modification of pivotal statistics is developed to improve the normal approximation. Bootstrapping a first stage modified statistic is shown to be equivalent, in terms of asymptotic order, to the normal approximation of a second stage modification. Explicit formulae are given for some basic cases involving independent random samples and samples drawn without replacement. The Hodges-Lehmann deficiency is calculated to compare the regular t-statistic with its one- step correction.