The dual Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem (Q1070015)

Let M be a Lie coalgebra over a field of characteristic zero. In an earlier paper [ibid. 38, 1-54 (1980; Zbl 0451.16006)], the author constructed the universal coenveloping coalgebra \(U^ c(M)\) and the symmetric coalgebra \(S^ c(M)\) on M, both of which are Hopf algebras. In that paper, he showed that the natural map of \(U^ c(M)\) (as Lie coalgebra) to M is surjective if and only if M is locally finite. In the paper under review here, he proves a dual Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem, which was described without proof in the earlier paper. A lengthy section is devoted to describing a Lie filtration on \(U^ c(M)\) and on \(S^ c(M)\), which yield associated graded coalgebra (Hopf algebra) structures, denoted \({}_ oE(U^ cM)\) and \({}_ oE(S^ cM)\) respectively. Then the duality theorem of the title is that \({}_ oE(U^ cM)\) and \({}_ o(S^ cM)\) are isomorphic as graded Hopf algebras if and only if M is locally finite. The author describes his proof as self-contained and Hopf theoretic.