Divided power structures on Hopf algebras and embedding Lie algebras into special-derivation algebras (Q1070016)

Let k be a field of characteristic \(p>0\), n a non-empty set, m a function from n to \(N^+\cup \{\infty \}\), \(N^+\) the positive integers. Let \(C_ k(n,m)\) be the k-vector space with bases \(\ell^{(\alpha)}\), where \(\alpha\) runs over all functions from n to N with finite support satisfying \(\alpha (i)<p^{m(i)}\) for all i in n. \(C_ k(n,m)\) has a k- coalgebra structure given by \[ \Delta \ell^{(\alpha)}=\sum_{\beta \leq \alpha}\left( \begin{matrix} \alpha \\ \beta \end{matrix} \right)\ell^{(\alpha -\beta)}\otimes \ell^{(\beta)}\quad and\quad \epsilon (\ell^{(\alpha)})=\delta_{0,\alpha} \] where \(\beta\leq \alpha\) means \(\beta\) (i)\(\leq \alpha (i)\) for all i in n and \(\left( \begin{matrix} \alpha \\ \beta \end{matrix} \right)=\prod_{i\in n}\left( \begin{matrix} \alpha (i)\\ \beta (i)\end{matrix} \right)\) is the product of binomial coefficients. \(C_ k(n,m)\) is called a divided power coalgebra, and its dual algebra \(A_ k(n,m)=C_ k(n,m)^*\) is called a divided power algebra. Let \(W_ k(n,m)\) be the Lie algebra of special derivations of \(A_ k(n,m)\). [We will not define ''special'' here.] Its study turns out to be the same as the study of \(coW_ k(n,m)\), the Lie algebra of special coderivations of \(C_ k(n,m)\), as complete modules. \(C_ k(n,m)\) has a natural cocommutative Hopf algebra structure. Let \(A=(L)\) be a Hopf algebra generated by a Lie subalgebra L of the Lie algebra L of the primitives of A. An L-divided power structure on A is a realization \(A\cong C_ k(n,m)\) as divided power coalgebras, such that the \(\ell^{(\epsilon_ i)}\) form a basis for L and \(\ell^{(p^ s\epsilon_ i)}-(\ell^{(p^{s-1}\epsilon_ i)})^ p\) is in L for \(i\in n\) and \(s\geq 1\), where \(\epsilon_ i(j)=\delta_{ij}.\) The first main theorem is that the module \(coW_ k(n,m)\) given by such an L-divided power structure on A is the completion of \(\phi\) (L), where \(\phi\) : \(L\to End A\) is the regular representation of L on A by right multiplication. Now let L be a k-Lie algebra, and \(\Phi\) : \(L\to Der_*(A^*)\) be the embedding of L into the continuous derivations on \(A^*\), where \(A=U(L)\), again using the transposes of right multiplications on A by elements of L. Then \(\Phi (L)\subseteq W_ k(n,m)\), independent of the L-divided power structure on A. The main theorem of the paper (Theorem 4) is a generalization of this fact, which is too technical to describe here. It concerns the existence of a map \(L\to W_ k(n,m)\) for appropriate n and m related to a subalgebra \(L_ 0\) of L. An important application is that any finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a perfect field k of characteristic \(p>0\) can be embedded into \(W_ k(n,m)\) where \(| n| \leq \dim L\) and m(i)\(\leq (\dim L)^ 2\) for all i in n. Going back to any L, suppose \(B\) is a basis for L and \(m: B\to N^+\cup \{\infty \}^ a \)function. Then \(coW_ k(B,m)\) is a Lie subalgebra of coDer(U(L)), and also \(W_ k(B,m)\) is a Lie subalgebra of \(Der_*(U(L)^*)\). The author finds necessary and sufficient conditions for \(\Phi (L)\subseteq coW_ k(B,m)\), or equivalently \(\Phi (L)\subseteq W_ k(B,m)\).