An application of Schwarz's lemma (Q1077571)

Using Schwarz's lemma, it follows easily that a one-to-one conformal map of the open disc \(D_ 2:\) \(| z| <2\) is a Möbius transformation which can be written as \(g(z)=4(z+\lambda \alpha)/({\bar \alpha}z+4\lambda)\), where \(| \lambda | =1\) and \(\alpha\), z are in \(D_ 2\). If, for \(\phi\), \(\theta\) real, we write \(g_{\phi}(z)=e^{i\phi}z\), \(l_{\theta}(z)=(2z+4 \tanh (\theta /2))/\tanh (\theta /2)z+2)\), then \(T=\{g_{\phi}\), \(\phi\) real\(\}\) and \(H=\{l_{\theta}\), \(\theta\) real\(\}\) are two one-parameter abelian subgroups of the group G of the above set of Möbius transformations. The author shows that any g in G is of the form \(g=g_{\phi}l_{\theta}g_{-\phi}g_{\omega}\) and that this expressions is unaltered when \(\phi\) is replaced by \(\phi \pm \pi\) and \(\theta\) by -\(\theta\) simultaneously. The decomposition is unique if \(\theta >0\), and \(\phi\), \(\omega\)-\(\phi\) both lie in the interval (- \(\pi\),\(\pi\) ]. These results are used to prove that the group G is simple, that is, the only proper normal subgroup of G is the identity subgroup. It is remarked that G can be given the structure of a Lie group, and then the decomposition of \(g\in G\) above is a consequence of general decomposition theorems for such groups. The relevant reference is to a book of \textit{S. Helgason} [Differential geometry, Lie groups and symmetric spaces (1978; Zbl 0451.53038)].