Three-dimensional Poincaré duality groups which are extensions (Q1079236)

We show that an almost finitely presentable normal subgroup of infinite index in a Poincaré duality group of formal dimension 3 is either infinite cyclic or is a surface group, the quotient having one or two ends, respectively. We give also a relative version for Poincaré duality group pairs. These are algebraic analogues of theorems of Hempel and Jaco on 3-manifold groups.