Ergodic \(H^1\) is not a dual space (Q1089588)

Let X be a standard Borel measure space with probability measure m and let \(\{T_ t\}_{t\in {\mathbb{R}}}\) be an ergodic, m-invariant, measurable action on X. \(\{T_ t\}_{t\in {\mathbb{R}}}\) also acts on measurable functions by \((T_ ff)(x):=f(T_ tx)\), and when restricted to \(L^ p(X,m)\) (resp. \(L^{\infty}(X,m))\), \(\{T_ t\}\) is strongly continuous (resp. weak-* continuous) \((1\leq p<\infty)\). Ergodic \(H^{\infty}\) is the subspace of \(L^{\infty}(X,m)\) consisting of those functions f such that, for almost all \(x\in X\), \(f(T_ tx)\in H^{\infty}({\mathbb{R}})\); ergodic \(H^ p\) is the closure of ergodic \(H^{\infty}\) in \(L^ p(X,m)\) \((1\leq p<\infty)\). The authors show that ergodic \(H^ 1\) is not a dual Banach space, a result conjectured by \textit{P. S. Muhly} [Mich. Math. J. 25, 317-323 (1978; Zbl 0496.46031)]. A result of I. Gel'fand states that if a separable Banach space E is the dual of another Banach space, then E cannot contain a copy of \(L^ 1([0,1])\). The authors use this result ro prove the main theorem, by explicitly exhibiting a copy of \(L^ 1(\Omega)\) inside ergodic \(H^ 1\), where \(\Omega\) is the standard Borel space associated to the flow \(\{T_ t\}\) by \textit{W. Ambrose}'s theorem [Ann Math., II. Ser. 42, 723-739 (1941; Zbl 0025.26901)].