Quotient representations and the convexity of Cesàro means (Q1094608)

A theorem of \textit{H. Baumann} [Math. Z. 100, 147-162 (1967; Zbl 0148.290)] says that a regular matrix B is stronger than a regular matrix A with respect to bounded sequences if and only if \(B=QA+R\), where the ``quotient'' Q is a suitable column- and row-finite regular matrix and the ``remainder'' R is ``small'' in a certan sense. This theorem was proved again by the first author [ibid. 148, 285-294 (1976; Zbl 0311.40005)] by two-norm methods. The proofs by H. Baumann and the first author are nonconstructive. Therefore it may be of interest to know quotient representations in nontrivial cases. The main result of this paper is a quotient of the described kind in the case of \(B:=C_{\alpha}\) and \(A:=C_{\alpha +1}\) \((0<\alpha \leq 1)\) where \(C_{\alpha}\) denotes the Cesàro matrix of order \(\alpha\). As an immediate corollary of this representation and the trivial part of the Baumann theorem one gets the well-known b-equivalence of the Cesàro means of positive order and therefore the well-known convexity theorem for Cesàro means.