Homogeneous Stellensätze in semialgebraic geometry (Q1095196)

In this paper, we introduce the homogeneous \((U,W)\)-radical of a homogeneous ideal and homogeneous \((U,W)\)-radical ideals of a commutative graded ring \(A\) with 1, for two multiplicative subsemigroups \(U\), \(W\) of \(A\) such that \(U\subseteq W\), which are similar to the usual real radical of an ideal and real radical ideals in a commutative ring. Some basic results are obtained. By the basic results, we prove the homogeneous semialgebraic Nullstellensatz, Positivstellensatz and Nichtnegativstellensatz so that various versions of Stellensätze in many other papers may be obtained as direct consequences in some special cases. Now let \(R\) be a real closed field, let \(K\) be an ordered subfield (with the inherited ordering), and write \(K^+=\{a\in K\mid a\geq 0\}\). Let \(I\) be an \(X\)-homogeneous ideal of \(K[X,Y]\), where \(X:=(X_0, X_1, \ldots, X_n)\), \(Y:=(Y_1, \ldots, Y_m)\) are indeterminates, let \(f\), \(u_1,\ldots, u_s\), \(w_1, \ldots, w_t\) be \(X\)-homogeneous forms in \(K[X,Y]\), let \(U\) be the multiplicative subsemigroup of \(K[X,Y]\) generated by the \(u_i\), and let \(W\) be the multiplicative subsemigroup of \(K[X,Y]\) generated by the \(u_i\) and the \(w_j\). Our Stellensätze here are: \(f\) is vanishing (resp. positive, resp. nonnegative) iff there is an \(X\)-homogeneous inclusion \[ \begin{gathered} uf^{2e}+\sum_{v}a_vw_vg^2_v\in I \\ \text{(resp. } (\sum_{v}a_vw_vg^2_v)f\equiv u+\sum_{z}a_z'w_z'g_z'{}^{2}\pmod I), \\ \text{(resp. } (uf^{2e}+\sum_{v}a_vw_vg^2_v)f\equiv \sum_{z}a_z'w_z'g_z'{}^ 2\pmod I), \end{gathered}\] where \(e\in\mathbb{N}\), \(a_v,a_z'\in K^+\), \(g_v,g_z'\in K[X,Y]\), \(u\) is a product of the \(u_i\), and the \(w_v, w_z'\) are (not necessarily distinct) products of the \(u_i\) and \(w_j\). Finally, we show the existence of upper bounds related to these Stellensätze, by the following result: Given \(n, m, s, t\) and \(d\in\mathbb{N}\) there exist \(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{N}\) depending only on \(n, m, s, t, d\) such that, in the above \(X\)-homogeneous inclusions, the number of summands and the (total) degrees of all appearing forms may be taken to be bounded by \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), respectively, whenever all of the (total) degrees of the \(u_i, w_j, f\) and \(I \le d\). From this, problem 2 posed by \textit{G. Stengle} in Math. Ann. 246, 33--39 (1979; Zbl 0403.10008) is answered affirmatively as a special example.