Green's relations, the V relation and congruences on S(X) (Q1105046)

Let S(X) be the semigroup of all continuous selfmaps of a topological space X, and let \({\mathcal L}\), \({\mathcal R}\) and \({\mathcal D}\) be Green's relations on S(X). The authors: (1) show that the only congruence on \(S(X)\) that is under \({\mathcal R}\) is the identity congruence; (2) describe the six congruences under \({\mathcal L}\) (or under \({\mathcal D})\) whenever X is a nondiscrete, locally connected, normal Hausdorff space the components of which are pathwise connected; and (3) show that these six congruences are precisely those that commute with \(V=\{(a,b):\) a and b are mutually inverse\(\}\). Congruences under \({\mathcal L}\) on arbitrary (or regular) semigroups have been discussed by \textit{T. E. Hall} [Glasg. Math. J. 13, 167-175 (1972; Zbl 0257.20057) and J. Algebra 24, 1-24 (1973; Zbl 0262.20074)] and by the reviewer and \textit{R. J. Koch} [Simon Stevin 57, 273-283 (1983; Zbl 0525.20044)]. In the latter work, congruences that commute with V were discussed and the problem of describing all congruences that commute with V was posed. The authors have previously shown [Semigroup Forum 36, 351- 364 (1987; Zbl 0625.20052)] that the same six congruences on S(X), as above, are the ones that commute with V. Let \({\mathcal K}\) be the collection of all compact subspaces K with the property that each component of K is nondegenerate, open (in K), and pathwise connected. A subfamily \({\mathcal B}\) of \({\mathcal K}\) is a \({\mathcal K}\)- unifying family if for any B in \({\mathcal B}\) and f in \(S(X)\), if f is an injection on B then f(B) is in \({\mathcal B}\). For a \({\mathcal K}\)-unifying family \({\mathcal B}\), \((f,g)\) is in \(\sigma\) (\({\mathcal B})\) if whenever one of the functions is injective on some B in \({\mathcal B}\) then the two functions agree on B. These \(\sigma({\mathcal B})\) are called \({\mathcal K}\)-unifying congruences. In general, \(\sigma(B)\) is under neither \({\mathcal R}\) nor \({\mathcal L}\) and does not commute with V. However, if \(\rho\) denotes the pairs of nonconstant regular elements in S(X), the authors prove that the following are equivalent: (1) \(\sigma({\mathcal B})\cap \rho\) is under \({\mathcal R}\); (2) \((V\circ \sigma ({\mathcal B}))\cap \rho =V\cap \rho\), (3) (\(\sigma({\mathcal B})\circ V)\cap \rho =V\cap \rho\); and (4) \(\sigma({\mathcal B})=\sigma ({\mathcal A})\) where \({\mathcal A}\) is the \({\mathcal K}\)-unifying family of subarcs of X.