On \(\omega\)-filtered vector spaces and their application to Abelian p- groups. II (Q1106952)

The authors continue their systematic investigation of \(\omega\)-filtered vector spaces over countable fields which was begun in part I [Comment. Math. Helv. 60, 145-171 (1985; Zbl 0573.20054)]. An \(\omega\)-filtered vector space is an ordinary vector space together with a distinguished descending chain \(\{X_ n:\) \(n\in \omega \}\) of subspaces. The prime example is the socle G[p] of a p-group G with the chain \(\{\) p nG\(\}\) considered as a \({\mathbb{Z}}(p)\)-vector space. This example motivates many of the questions and forms the bridge to abelian group theory. The authors use set theoretic axioms beyond standard Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZFC) and obtain results which are not provable in ZFC. The first topic is the structure of \(\omega_ 1\)-separable spaces. Under the assumption, MA\(+\neg CH\) the authors prove among others: (Cor. 2.2) Every weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(\omega\)-filtered space X has a projective direct summand P with fin dim(P)\(=fin \dim (X)\); (Cor. 2.3) Every weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable space of dimension \(\aleph_ 1\) is \(\omega_ 1\)-separable; (Cor. 2.4) Every \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(\omega\)-filtered \({\mathbb{Z}}(p)\)-vector space of dimension \(\aleph_ 1\) is the socle of a (unique) \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(p^{\omega +1}\)- projective p-group G. Under the assumption V\(=L\) it is shown that (Cor. 2.7) there exists a weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(p^{\omega +1}\)- projective p-group which is not \(\Sigma\)-cyclic and not the direct sum of two non-\(\Sigma\)-cyclic subgroups; (Cor. 2.9) there is an \(\omega_ 1\)- separable \(\omega\)-filtered \({\mathbb{Z}}(p)\)-vector space of dimension \(\aleph_ 1\) which is not the socle of a \(p^{\omega +1}\)-projective p- group. Under the assumption \(2^{\aleph_ 0}<2^{\aleph_ 1}\) which is implied by \(V=L\) it is shown that (Cor. 3.5) there exist weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(\omega\)-filtered vector spaces of dimension \(\aleph_ 1\) which are not \(\omega_ 1\)-separable; and (Cor. 3.6) there is a \(p^{\omega +1}\)-projective p-group G of cardinality \(\aleph_ 1\) which is weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable but not \(\omega_ 1\)-separable. Other results concern subspaces of small codimension and applications to elongation problems. Theorem 3.1: Assume \(MA+\neg CH\). If X is an \(\omega_ 1\)-separable \(\omega\)-filtered vector space of dimension \(\aleph_ 1\) then any dense subspace of countable codimension is isomorphic to X. Under a set-theoretic assumption weaker than \(V=L\) (``weak diamond'') it is shown in contrast to 3.1 that there is an abundance of non-isomorphic subspaces of codimension 1 in a weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable space (Theorem 3.3). If the space is not weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable than the same is shown using only CH (Theorem 3.8). One application to the Crawley problem is contained in Cor. 3.10: Assume \(2^{\aleph_ 0}<2^{\aleph_ 1}\). Then every Crawley group of cardinality \(\aleph_ 1\) is weakly \(\omega_ 1\)-separable.