Representations of inner products in the space of polynomials (Q1110761)

Suppose that \(\{p_ i\}^{\infty}_{i=1}\) is an orthonormal base in the space of polynomials in n real variables. Assume that the inner product \(<.,.>\) has the following property: \(<p_ i,p_ j>=<1,p_ ip_ j>\), \(i,j=1,2,..\). Let \(\mu\) be a positive Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure on \(R^ n\) such that \(\int_{R^ n}p^ 2d\mu >0\) for any non- zero polynomial p. We provided a necessary and sufficient condition when the inner product \(<.,.>\) can be expressed in the form \(<p_ i,p_ j>=\int_{R^ n}p_ ip_ j\rho d\mu\) where \(\rho\) is a square \(\mu\)- integrable function. We also pointed out that this condition is satisfied if the measure \(\mu\) is of the form \(d\mu (x_ 1,x_ 2,...,x_ n)=d\psi (x_ 1)d\psi (x_ 2)...d\psi (x_ n)\) where \(\psi\) is some bounded non-increasing function with infinitely many points of increase. The goal of this paper is to study the following problems: (i) What is a condition on \(\mu\) such that the function \(\rho\) is unique? (ii) What is a conditions on \(\mu\) such that \(\rho\) can be chosen as a non-negative function? We pay a special attention to the case \(d\mu =d\psi (x_ 1)d\psi (x_ 2)...d\psi (x_ n).\) We now summarize the results of this paper. In Section 3 we provide the complete answer to the first question. We partially answer the second question by showing some sufficient conditions on \(\mu\) for which \(\rho\) is unique and non-negative. In Section 4 we consider orthogonal polynomials \(P_ k\) with respect to a measure \(\alpha\) and study a relation between the convergence of the series \(\sum^{\infty}_{k=1}(\int_{R^ n}P_ kd\beta)^ 2\) and continuity points of the measures \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\). In Section 5 we provide examples of a one dimensional measure \(\mu\) such that \(<f,g>=\int_{R}fg\rho d\mu\) is an inner product in the space of polynomials for a unique function \(\rho\) which changes sign. These examples are based on some properties of the Al Salam-Carlitz polynomials. Finally, we apply the results from Section 4 to specify a class of measures \(\beta\) associated with the Al-Salam-Carlitz polynomials which define the spaces \(L_ 2(R,\beta)\) such that (i) polynomials are dense in \(L_ 2(R,\beta)\), (ii) there exists a non- negative function f from \(L_ 2(R,\beta)\) which is not a limit of any convergent sequence of non-negative polynomials.