The Schwinger model revisited (Q1111139)

By a careful reconsideration of the Schwinger model, which takes into account the state space associated to the Wightman functions it is rigorously shown that: physical states have zero charge, bleached states do not exist, only the integer winding number gauge transformations are implementable, the vacuum degeneracy is labelled by only one \(\theta\) anlge, with periodicity \(\pi\) rather than \(2\pi\), the Goldstone dipole does not exist. The mechanism of chiral symmetry breaking with the absence of Goldstone bosons is clarified.