Criteria for membership of the Besov spaces \(B^ s_{pq}\) (Q1120093)

The Besov spaces \(B^ s_{pq}\), \(1\leq p,q<\infty\), \(s>0\), of functions on the unit circle are examined and characterizations are sought in terms of the Cesàro means of an element in the space. For \(1<p<\infty\) the results are very satisfactory and the characterizations obtained extend also to the partial sums of the Fourier series of the element concerned. A vital factor in obtaining these results is the boundedness of the Riesz projection on \(L^ p\) for \(1<p<\infty\). In the case \(p=1\) not all the earlier results are valid and corresponding counter-examples are given. Nevertheless characterizations in terms of Cesàro means are shown to have a wide validity in this case too. Crucial in this regard is an extension of a known characterization of these spaces in terms of de la Vallée Poussin means. Some positive results are given in the exceptional cases.