Biorthogonal Laurent polynomials with biorthogonal derivatives (Q1178589)

The authors consider sequences of monic polynomials \(A_ n,B_ n\) of degree \(n\) with \(A_ n(0)\not= 0\), \(B_ n(0)\neq=0\), such that \(\{A_ n,z^{-n-1}B_ n\}_ 0^{\infty}\) is a so called regular biorthogonal system: \(\Phi(A_ nB_ m)=0\;(n\not = m),\Phi(A_ nB_ n)\not = 0\) where \(\Phi\) is a moment functional on the algebra of Laurent polynomials in \(z\) with complex coefficients. Their attention is specifically drawn to the class \(\mathcal D\) of special biorthogonal sequences (called \textit{regular}) for which \(\{A'_{n + 1}/(n + 1),z^{-n-1}B'_{n + 1}/(n + 1)\}\) is again a regular biorthogonal system (the derived system). After studying some properties of the coefficients of the three-term recurrence relation, they give three examples (the `classical' biorthogonal systems) which are connected with the moment generating functions \({}_ 2F_ 1(a,1;c;z), {}_ 1F_ 1(1;c;z), {}_ 2F_ 0(a,1;z)\) (under certain restrictions on the parameters \(a,c\) of course). The main result is then a complete characterization of class \(\mathcal D\): the only members are essentially the classical biorthogonal systems given in the three examples! Moreover the classical orthogonal Laurent polynomials that do not correspond to a classical biorthogonal system are just the \({}_ 2F_ 1\)-type and the \({}_ 2F_ 0\)-type with \(a=1\). The proofs partially follow Hahn's method used to derive a characterization for ordinary orthogonal polynomials (later extended to indefinite functionals by H.L. Krall), but does not assume anything about simplicity of the zeros of the polynomials. With this paper another important question in the theory of orthogonal Laurent polynomials has been answered.