Minimal normal forms in harmonic oscillations with small nonlinear perturbations (Q1181303)

The authors consider real analytic autonomous systems of differential equations of first order in two variables near a stationary solution where the eigenvalues of the linear part are \(i\) and \(-i\). They remark that the classical normal form which contains only resonant terms can often be simplified. But the fact that the normal form is not uniquely determined and the practical consequences of this in the case of two variables are well known and already mentioned in Birkhoff's work on area preserving mappings near a fixed point in the plane [see \textit{C. L. Siegel} and \textit{J. K. Moser}, Lectures on celestial mechanics (1971; Zbl 0312.70017), p. 165].