Characterizations of semisimple classes by means of ring elements (Q1183086)

The author gives a very nice treatment of semisimple rings from an elementwise perspective, although the strength of the article lies in the new characterizations of semisimple classes and not the particular examples given, since many of the examples seem to be very easy consequences of definitions or results already known. For instance, it is a very small step from the semisimple class for a hereditary radical \(\mathcal P\) being defined as \(\{A \mid I \not\in {\mathcal P}, \forall (0) \neq I \triangleleft A\}\) to being characterized as \(\{A \mid \langle a \rangle \not\in {\mathcal P},\) \(\forall 0 \neq a \in A\}\). Let \(\mathbb{P}\) be an abstract property pertaining to an element of a ring \(A\). If \(a \in A\) and \(a\) satisfies \(\mathbb{P}\), call \(a\) a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A\). A ring \(A\) will be called a \(\mathbb{P}\)-ring if every element is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A\). The author considers eleven properties for an ideal \(I\) of a ring \(A\). Among them are: (b) If \(a \in I\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)- element of \(A\), then \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(I\); (c) If \(a+I \neq I\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A/I\), then \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A\); (d) If \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element in \(I\), then \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element in \(A\), too; (f) If \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A\) and \(I\) has no nonzero \(\mathbb{P}\)-elements, then \(a+I\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of \(A/I\); (g) Trivial elements (that is \(a^ 2=0\)) have property \(\mathbb{P}\); (h) Nonzero trivial elements are not \(\mathbb{P}\)-elements; (k) If \(a\) is a \(\neg \mathbb{P}\)-element in \(A\), then there is a prime ideal \(I\) of \(A\) such that \(a \not\in I\) and \(A/I\) has no nonzero \(\mathbb{P}\)-ideals. Theorem 1. If a property \(\mathbb{P}\) of elements satisfies conditions (b), (c), and (d), then \(\mathbb{S}=\{A \mid A \text{ is a }\mathbb{P}\text{-ring} \}\) is a semisimple class. On the other hand, if \(\mathbb{S}\) is an essentially closed semisimple class, then there exists a property \(\mathbb{P}\) satisfying conditions (b), (c) and (d) such that \(\mathbb{S}\) is the class of all \(\mathbb{P}\)-rings; in fact, such a property \(\mathbb{P}\) is given by the following: \((\mathbb{P})\) \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of a ring \(A\) if either \(a=0\) or there exists an ideal \(K\) of \(A\) such that \(a \not\in K\) and \(A/K \in \mathbb{S}\). Corollary 1. Let \(\mathcal M\) be a weakly special class of rings and define; \((\mathbb{P})\) \(a\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-element of a ring \(A\) if either \(a=0\) or there exists an ideal \(K\) of \(A\) such that \(a \not\in K\) and \(A/K \in \mathcal M\). Then the class \(\mathbb{S}=\{A \mid A\) is a \(\mathbb{P}\)-ring\} is a supernilpotent semisimple class and \(\mathbb{S}\) is the subdirect closure of the class \(\mathcal M\) and \(\mathbb{S}={\mathcal S}{\mathcal U}{\mathcal M}\). Theorem 1 allows the author to give elementwise characterizations of the semisimple classes of several well known hereditary radicals, while Corollary 1 provides similar characterizations for supernilpotent radicals, including several nonspecial ones. Subsequent results provide for the definition of radical classes which are supernilpotent, (also, subidempotent, special) and the characterization of their semisimple classes. Finally, the author gives a result which allows him to characterize the semisimple classes of certain dual special radicals by properties of ring elements.