A note on modulus of stability for cycles of the complex type (Q1184298)

Let \(X\) be a \(C^ r\) vector field on \(\mathbb{R}^ 3\), \(r\geq 5\). We will say \(X\) has a singular cycle of the complex type if there exists a singularity \(0\in \mathbb{R}^ 3\) such that: (a) \(\text{D}X(0)\) has eigenvalues \(\lambda > 0\) and \(\lambda_{1,2}=-\mu\pm i\omega\), with \(\mu>0\) and \(\omega\neq 0\); (b) There is a unique homoclinic orbit \(\gamma\subset W^ u_ 0\cap W^ S_ 0\). Moreover, for \(X\) there are \(C^ 2\)-linearizing coordinates in a neighborhood \(U_ 0\) of the singularity \(0\). Near \(X\) the authors consider a \(C^ r\) vector field \(Y\) on \(\mathbb{R}^ 3\) that has a singular cycle of the complex type, \(\gamma_ Y\), which is near the corresponding one for \(X\). Let \(K_ 1\) and \(K_ 2\) (resp. \(K_ 1(Y)\) and \(K_ 2(Y)\)) denote, respectively, the numbers \(\omega/\lambda\) and \(\mu/\lambda\) defined for the field \(X\) (resp. the field \(Y\)). The main results of this paper are the following: (1) If \(Y\) is topologically equivalent to \(X\) in a neighborhood of the cycles \(\gamma_ Y\) and \(\gamma_ X\), then \(K_ 2=K_ 2(Y)\); (2) If \(Y\) is topologically equivalent to \(X\) in a neighborhood of the cycles \(\gamma_ Y\) and \(\gamma_ X\), and, moreover, \(K_ 2=K_ 2(Y)\) is an irrational number, then \(K_ 1=K_ 1(Y)\).